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TABLE OF CONTENTS ELSE'S
POEMS RELATED TO FANNY ESSLER'S MAIN
PAGE
There are three explicit
references to crafting poems about Greve in Else's autobiography.
All three are directly related to the early times of their affair,
and they match the situations depicted in the 1904/5 'Fanny Essler'
cycle.
Apart from an initial
attempt to express her emotions at age fourteen around 1889, she
didn't feel inspired again until October/November 1902. She was then
in Dr. Gmelin's North Sea sanatorium for having anti-hysteria "wombsqueeze" treatments,
and she started dreaming about her husband's friend Greve in Berlin: "About
this ti me... I made after an interval
of years[27] my
first -- for an amateur amazing (sic!) good poem for nature's necessity
-- to express love somehow" (Ab 30).
In Palermo (not Tunis),
she suffered from Greve's absence after his unexpected imprisonment
in late May, 1903, and again, she resorted to poetry for emotional
relief: "I had no thoughts about the future other than to see
Felix. That was only a year! I was too gloriously in love! The true
trouble was physical abstinence -- it was excruciatingly painful
to me. I had to make poems again!" (Ab 92).
For a third and last time,
she mentions creating poetry as a therapeutic strategy for emotional
relief in May 1904, when she was in Rome and on her way to meet Greve
upon his release from Bonn prison. Musing about their imminent reunion,
she says: "I again began to occupy myself with poetry in the
usual half-hearted fashion of the amateur, the only one then possible
to me" (Ab 195).
Greve's unilateral claim
to the authorship of Fanny Essler's poems in his letter to Gide can
be challenged in light of Else's explicit statements alone. They
confirm that she did actually create several poems between late 1902
and mid-1904, and that all of them revolved around Greve's absence,
which tinges her passionate attachment to him with a certain illusory
quality.
Many of her later poems
in Maryland are inspired by her relationship with Greve as well.
And two of them, namely, "Du" and "Schalk, are directly
related to the printed 'Fanny Essler' poems, while "Wolkzug" and "Haideritt" have
an obvious thematic connection with them.
"Wolkzug" (3
st./4 l.; facsim., PEd 49 a) is a lyrical representation of clouds,
the moon, a fountain and a palace, bearing a strong resemblance to
the first wing of Fanny Essler's poems. More importantly, it boasts
a unique, narrative note at the bottom of the page: apart from a
concrete reference to Palermo and Else's situation there in 1903,
it also provides insights into the reason for Greve's arrest, and
about his final abandonment of her in 1911:
"Das war in Palermo
-- als Felix Paul Greve in Deutschland im Gefängnis war, meinet-
d.h. seinetwegen! Ich holte ihn ein Jahr später in Kölln
[sic!] ab. Ein Engländer "Freund" (Kilian, gd) hatte
ihn hineingebracht. Aus Eifersucht. Von da machte er seine Übersetzercarriere.
In Kentucky -- verliess er mich -- in der Einöde -- schickte
mir -- verborgen -- $20 von da -- nichts. Ich konnte kein Englisch
-- kannte keine Arbeit -- war hochmütig -- wurde für verrückt
gehalten. Else." [28 Facsimile
of this poem & note]
The close association
of Greve's two sudden disappearance acts in 1903 & 1911 is noteworthy,
and justifies the bitterness she expresses in "Schalk" some
twenty years after his first unintentional, and roughly ten years
after his second, deliberate departure.
Else's poem "Du" is
of great importance to the authorship question, as it does more than
simply echo Fanny Essler's seventh & final poem. It clearly is, if a somewhat
shortened, replica of it:
(Natur)/Du
Wyk auf Föhr <An: F. P. G.>
1.
Einen schneeig blanken Pelz
Prunkt ein jedes Gras heut morgen.
Glasig wunderblauer Himmel
Schwingt sich dieser blanken Welt --
2.
Schwingt sich dieser blanken Welt.
Im koketten Hermelin Rock
Der so leidenschaftlich rein ist
Dass sogar der schwarze Schwanz
3.
Dass sogar das kleine schwarze
Schwanzende lebhaft fehlt!
Je! die Erde die verpönt
Heute jeden dunklen Fleck
4.
Heute jeden dunklen Fleck
An dem Hermelingezäum --
Alles ist lichtblank weiss und blau --
Lichter Himmel -- blanke Erd. |
Freistatt 7,
185-186 (PEd 46-47)
VII. [Husum, Herbst 1902]
1.
Einen schneeigweißen Pelz
Trägt ein jedes Gras heut Morgen,
Und ein wunderblauer Himmel
Leuchtet dieser weißen Welt.
2.
Leuchtet dieser weißen Welt
Im koketten Hermelinschmuck,
Der so leidenschaftlich rein ist,
Daß sogar das kleine Schwänzchen,
3.
Daß sogar das kleine schwarze
Schwänzchenende gänzlich fehlt.
Ja, die Erde - die verschmäht
Heute jedes dunkle Fleckchen,
4.
Heute jedes dunkle Fleckchen
In dem weißen Festgewand
Gestern war ihr Kleid noch grün --
Und ein wenig grau natürlich!
5.
Und ein wenig grau natürlich,
Denn ich bin am Strand der Nordsee
In der Friesen flachem Land
Gibt es keine Farbenhymnen --
6.
Gibt es keine Farbenhymnen
Leise, leise zarte Töne
Gibt es hier, ein wenig traurig
Und sich immer wiederholend --
7.
Und sich immer wiederholend
Wie so manche Melodien,
Welche seltsam uns erregen.
Aber heute ist es lustig.
8.
Heute ist es wirklich lustig
Alles ist nur weiß und blau
Zart gefiedert sind die Pelze
Und die Luft ist frisch und milde
9.
Und die Luft ist frisch und milde
Das man kaum es sollte glauben.
Heute geh ich lange, lange
Durch die weiße Zauberwelt
10.
Durch die weiße Zauberwelt
Bin ich dann dahingegangen
Wie die kleinen Pelze
Um den Fuß, der sie berührte
11.
Um den Fuß, der sie berührte,
Wurden sie zu Silberstäubchen,
Reizend sah das aus, und ich
Freute mich und tat's mutwillig,
12.
Freute mich und tat's mutwillig,
Ja, mein Herz war grad so hell
Wie der Himmel und die Erde
Nur natürlich fehltest du! |
Stanzas 5-9 lacking
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5/10.
Lichter Himmel -- blanke Erd.
Geh ich -- klink -- ! dahin!
Blitz! Die weissen Pelze sprühen --
Um den Fuss -- der sie be streift
6/11.
Um den Fuss -- der sie bestreift
Wirbeln sie als Silberräder
Reizend sieht das aus -- ich
Freu mich -- tu's mutwillig
7/12.
Freu mich -- tu's mutwillig --
Je! mein Herz sprüht grad so blank
Wie der Himmel mit der Erd
Nur -- fehlst -- du. |
"Du" exists
in no less than five variants. All have seven stanzas fitting neatly
on one page. A comparison shows that stanzas one to four (1-4) and
ten to twelve (10-12) are essentially identical, and that Else has
eliminated stanzas nine to five (9-5) of the original. So, of the
twelve stanzas of 'Fanny Essler's' last poem, Else chose to reproduce
only seven, for whatever unknown reason.
In the original, stanza
five made specific reference to the North Sea and the Frisian setting
announced at the beginning, namely, Franziska von Reventlow's and Theodor
Storms respective home town Husum, which is on the mainland. "Am
Strand der Nordsee" (l. 2) and "in der Friesen flachem Land" (l.
3) remain suitably non-committal to fit Husum as well as any other
landscape in the area.
Instead of these vague
references, Else placed the precise historic location, "Wyk auf
Föhr", and the explicit addressee of her poem, "an F.P.G.",
right underneath the title. Föhr happens to be an island not far
from Husum, just like "Tunis" on the North African coast
stands in for the insular town of Palermo in Fanny Essler's narrative
opening flank. Stanzas six to nine (6-9) of Fanny Essler's seventh
poem dwelled on the contrast of the narrator's sadness with the bright,
cheerful, sunny winter day.[29] In
order to maintain a seamless transition of the rondo-like flow after
the five-stanza cut, Else repeats the final verse of her stanza 4 in
the first line of the original stanza 10.
The very last line of "Du" is
a typical illustration of Else's reductionist method: it echoes Fanny Essler's original ending "Nur
natürlich fehltest du!", which remains intact in some of
Else's earlier variants, in particular, the one entitled "Natur".
The fractioned, expressionist "Nur -- fehlst -- du", with
its pausing punctuation marks, give this line a breathless quality,
almost like a cry for help. The final word "Du" is chosen as title
almost like an afterthought, and transferred to the top next to the
now crossed-out title "Natur."
If the historic setting
of "Du" in 1902 marks the beginning of an impetuous relationship
that was to last "almost a decade" as Else puts it (Ab 30), "Schalk" (14
st./2 l.), an old-fashioned term meaning "buffoon," refers
to the decline and bitter end in late 1911, only a year after the
couple's reunion in America (Ab 72). At the top, Else specifies
as location "Sparta, Kentucky, am Eagle Creek", and at
the bottom of the first page she states:
"Der Herbst ist
-- als Bild -- ein Porträt Felix Paul Greves" ("The Fall is
-- as a metaphor -- a portrait of FPG;" tr. & emphasis
mine).
This remark reveals that
Else deliberately appropriated significant elements of Greve's poetry
in a squaring of accounts with him: "Herbst" is a reference
to Greve's "Erster Sturm" (1907) in which an allegorical
Fall ruthlessly invades the countryside, announcing devastation and
death in guise of a major storm. This poem must have been especially
dear to his heart, since, as already mentioned, it is extant in three
versions in the University of Manitoba Grove archives (PEd 54; transl.,
56 & 186). In some of several versions of "Schalk," Else
uses "Herbst" as a title. The very term "Porträt" in
her note evokes Fanny Essler's "Ein Porträt: drei Sonette," and in the first
seven couplets of her poem, Else evidently mimics their accomplished
Petrarchan composition, though not in sonnet form. Below, the 1904/5
sonnets are represented on the right, Else's fourteen couplets on
the left, and the Greve/Grove's five quatrains underneath:
Der Herbst,
im grün und bronzenen Metall,
Sitzt an dem flachen Fluss, beim Wasserfall.
Die Bäume brausen girr, der Wind schwirrt lau
Sein Haar gleisst Flitter Gold, sein
Aug glitzt blau.
Sein Mund so rot
wie Blut blickt streng wie Wein,
Im Knie gebogen steht sein rechtes Bein.
Um enge Schenkel, alabastertot
Wirft sich der Mantelschwall, verbeenenrot.
Weiss, seine grosse, weite Mörderhand
Streift glänzend um das kniegestützt Gewand.
Geschnitten in geglättetes Gestein,
Erglimmt sein Antlitz, hehr wie das des Kain.
Auf seiner Hochstirn brauner Haselnuss
Karfunkelsteine zucken mit dem Fluss --
Er sitzt, ein roter Specht lacht wie ein Narr,
Sein Aug ist blau, sein Sonnenherz
ist starr.
Um seine Scharlachlippen biegt der Gram
Des, der zu schlagen tief, zu töten, kam --
Auf seinem Scharlachmantel liegt die
Hand
Die morgen dir zermorscht Getier und Land.
Die, jach, auch dich versehrt, du Mensch - o Wurm,
Es ist der Trüger Herbst
- der Tod - der Sturm!
=Greve's "Erster
Sturm"+ 'Fanny Esslers'
3d Sonett
Es ist Vernichtung, heulende, in Wut,
Die dir das Blut verdirbt - verdünnt das Blut.
Es ist die Kälte, es ist alles Weh,
Siehst du das Rot? Es ist der Schalkknecht - geh!
Glüht er auch wie ein Vogel, leuchtend schön
Es ist Verwesung, wo sie tritt - Gestöhn.
Faksimile: 1904
'Fanny Essler' Sonnets about Greve's Hands, Eyes, Mouth
Erster
Sturm / von Felix Paul Greve
1. Die Dünen fliegen
auf mit grünem Schopf,
Sie wogen, branden, türmen sich und
kippen,
Und jede rennt mit jähem Widderkopf
--
Zerschellend an des Waldes schwarzen Klippen.
2. Da sprengt ein Herold mit gesenktem Stab
Auf gelbem Roß durch die gescheuchte Masse.
Hingellt sein Horn: Bereitet euch zum Grab!
Mir folgt mein Herr. Habt acht vor seinem Hasse!
3. Heraus die Banner: gelb und braun und rot,
Und locker hingehängt! Bestreut den Boden!...
Verachtet eurer einer sein Gebot,
Den wird mitsamt der Wurzel er entroden.
Die
Schaubühne 3, Nr. 6 (7.2.1907), 154. (PEd
55; facsim., 59a)
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= Greve's "Erster
Sturm"(1907)
II. Ein
breites, schweres und gewölbtes Lid --
Die Haut verrät des Blutes rote Gänge --
Und wunde Blässe an den Rändern zieht
Um gelbe Wimpern dünne Seidenhänge:
Ein Auge, daß die Müdigkeiten
mied,
Das noch vom frechsten Denken Tat erzwänge,
Das hell und unberührt die Dinge sieht
Unter des Lides purpurblasser Länge --
Auf flacher Kuppel weißem Porzellan
Lichtblau ein Stern mit winziger Pupille:
Er leuchtet Speergeblitz und Beutezug --
Doch plötzlich legt sich -- ein gespielter Wahn-
Vor dieses Auge eine vage Brille:
Ein Nebel: ein Gewölk: ein Maskentrug.
III. Sein Mund der
feinen und geschwungenen Züge
Wechselt im Spiel von Scherz und Energie --
Die schmale Oberlippe ist, als trüge
Sie herbe Klugheit, leichte Fantasie:
Die untere schweift ein volleres Gefüge
Dem schwere Sinnlichkeit das Zeichen lieh:
Und beide sind der Thron der großen Lüge:
Auf scharlachrotem Kissen lagert sie
Und biegt den bogenhaften Lippenrand,
Schmiegt in den Winkel sich mit leisem Spott
Und lächelt blöder Dummheit später Klage:
Sie ist als Dienerin ihm stets zur Hand,
Denn nicht ist sie ihm Herrin oder Gott:
Sie schüttet bunte Zier in bunte Tage.
I. Aus schmaler
Wurzel festgefügtem Bau
Wächst schlank und groß die weiße Hand hervor-
So schimmern weiß die Hände einer Frau --
Ein Netz von Adern hebt die Haut empor:
Darinnen leuchtet kalt ein blasses Blau
Wie Wasser, das in kleinen Flüssen fror --
Die Regung jedes Fingers zeigt genau
Der Rückenknochen dreigezweigtes Rohr:
In spitzer Knöchel hartem Hügelrand,
In breiter Nägel rosig dünnem Horn,
In nervigen Fingern spielt bewußte Kraft:
Jählings errötet die geneigte Hand,
Die Adern schwellen dunkel -- bis im Zorn
Sie marmorn glatt und bleich zur Faust sich rafft.

4.
Seht graugepanzert ihr die Schiffe nahn --
Im Westen hoch: sein bauchiges Geschwader?
Schon landet ihn sein Ferge, der Orkan.
Ich muß hinweg: ihr -- meidet seinen Hader!...
5. Und Orgelscherzi heulen schwer und schrill
Zum Flattern bunter Fetzen all der Fahnen,
Mit denen sich der Herbst behängen will
Auf dem Fanfarenritt zu seinen Ahnen. |
In exact analogy to the
static and timeless centre-piece of the Fanny Essler triptych, Else
addresses Greve's eye (steely-blue, st. 2), mouth (poppyleaf-shrill,
st. 3), and hand (now chalk-white, murderous, st. 5), but goes on
elaborating on his thighs (alabaster-dead, st. 4), his chiseled, Cain-like face (st.
6), his forehead (st. 7), and his golden, metallic hair (st. 8).
The Petrarchan, sculptural quality is emphasized with references
to metal, stone, and marble, so that this "portrait" of
Greve resembles a full-length statue, not unlike Michelangelo's sculptures in the early
16th century. Else was obviously aware that Greve had taken a course
on the famous Renaissance artist at Bonn University, along with Byron
and oceanography. Both she and Grove refer to him long after their
ways parted.
The 'Fanny Essler' sonnets
evoked a half-bust of Greve at best, and truly Petrarchan texts in
the "dolce stil nuovo" tradition are limited to the depiction of
the head in any case, therefore being rather portraits in a stricter
sense of the word. At the centre and pivotal juncture of "Schalk" stands
his spear-rigid heart, "sein Herz dolchstarr" (st. 8),
as if Greve/Fall's fundamental, moral inadequacy and his essential
coldness were at the same level of observation as the preceding,
superficially physical characteristics. The second half links skillfully all old and new elements
to similarly disturbing attributes of the allegorical Fall in "Erster
Sturm:" three couplets focus on the destructive effects of his
actions, and culminate in a line full of further ominous, allegorical
identifications: "Es ist der Schalk -- der Herbst --
der Tod -- der Sturm" (st. 11).
Here, quite apropos, Else
inserts her parenthetical note, identifying "Herbst" as "a portrait" of FPG. She then
introduces in the remaining three couplets further almost hyperbolic
abstractions: he is "Annihilation" and "Rage" (Vernichtung & Wut,
st. 12), the "Pain of icy Cold", an "Executioner" (der
Kälte eisig Weh, Henker, st. 13), and again "Death" in
the seductive guise of colourful, tropical birds (Tod, st. 14).
With this devastating portrait of Greve, Else comes
to terms with his sudden, cowardly dismissal in Sparta, Kentucky.
The artful combination of several layers of biographical details,
and of weaving Greve's, Fanny Essler's, and her own poetry into ever
new creations attests that she, who freely admitted to the amateurish
quality of her 1902-1904 poetry (Ab 30), was by now in full command
of formal mastery. There are two more poems vaguely
related to the 'Fanny Essler' poems among Else's papers: "Haideritt" (8
st./4 l.) is an invitation to go horseback-riding, with obvious sexual
overtones. "Felix" appears next to the title. There is
mention of dikes, dunes, "Watt" (sandy shorebelts), sea,
and a "Hünengrab" or cairn. The much reduced variant "Ruf" specifies "Erinnerung
an Felix Paul Greve" and, as in Fanny Essler's northern wing,
the "Friesenland." An English version called "Kinship,
In memory of F.P.G." was sent to Djuna Barnes from Berlin (ca.
1924), but seems to have remained unpublished. Riding excursions
also play a role in poems about Palermo (Ab 68) or the North Sea
landscape, and, last not least, in the 1905 Fanny Essler novel,
where it provides an intertext to the famous seduction scene in Madame
Bovary by FPG's admired model Flaubert.The accomplished virtuosity
of Else's "Schalk" is a definite triumph over her former lover and
mentor. His undoubted technical and cultural superiority, always
coupled with a condescending attitude towards her, was always prominently
at display, but she knew from first-hand experience that he was dependent
on material provided by her or by admired authors from the outside.As
usual, "Schalk" exists in several variants, which is illustrative
of Freytag-Loringhoven's work-habits: she tends to start out with
conventional, well-formed poems she had either created herself or
co-created with FPG at the turn of the century. She then systematically
crosses out linking terms like articles, conjunctions or prepositions,
and arrives after several rounds of progressive purging at versions
consisting of not much more than bare columns of mostly nouns, adjectives,
and the occasional verb. These are endowed with an amazing power
of expression. Often, they are arranged in visually pleasing configurations,
written in coloured ink, and punctuated by
a lavish use of hyphens. Then they are translated, visually further
enhanced in several colours, and sometimes published without the original references to time, place
and names.The variant of "Du" presented above shows a relatively
early stage of Else's reductive technique. The closely related variant "Natur" is
even earlier, showing the words crossed-out and consequently ignored
in "Du". Other titles in various stages of elimination are "Naturbild", "Natürlich",
and "Freude". Though Else created several original, dadaist,
concrete, or sound poems, the majority of her poetry follows this
pattern from a traditional to an expressionist poem.
Always keenly aware of
artistic innovations "in the air", it is hardly by coincidence that
she occasionally used Sturm stationery during her troubled Berlin
years from April 1923 to the spring of 1926. This famous avant-garde
journal, founded by Herwarth Walden, husband to the other colourful
avant-garde figure, Else Lasker-Schüler, championed expressionism
in particular. An acute awareness of American, German & French literary
trends is manifest in Else's adaptations, and indicates an experimental
openness and creative flexibility which stands in marked contrast to
Grove's invariably conventional poetry.
NOTES:
[27] She
describes (Ab 31) how she was accused of plagiarizing Goethe in school
for her childhood poem "Kornblumen" (1 st./5 lines). It is
presented in German and English on Ab 32.
[28]"This
was in Palermo -- when Felix Paul Greve was in Germany
in prison...In Kentucky, he left me -- in the wilderness
-- sent me -- hidden -- 20$ from there -- nothing.
I didn't speak English, didn't know how to work --
was proud -- was considered demented -- Else" (transl.
mine).
For similar descriptions of Greve's abandonment, see Ab 36: "...in
the midst of the county (sic!) of Kentucky in the small farm country..." ,
Ab 63 ("terrible, disgraceful"), and Ab 72 about Greve's "absorbing,
primitive struggle for life", his lack of interest in sex, and leaving
her "in a year's time." Kilian's role is addressed in more
detail on p. 85.
[29]The
description of the new snow is reminiscent of the only
known poem published by August Endell: "Schneetag",
in Pan 2, Nr. 3, 1896, p. 215). His two quatrains
are, however, more somber in both tone and atmosphere.
Reichel (58-61) included them (no. 3, 58) among fourteen
poems by Endell in his dissertation about the architect.
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