\HeaderA{setGeneric}{Define a New Generic Function}{setGeneric}
\aliasA{setGroupGeneric}{setGeneric}{setGroupGeneric}
\keyword{programming}{setGeneric}
\keyword{methods}{setGeneric}
\begin{Description}\relax
Create a new generic function of the given name, that is, a function
that dispatches methods according to the classes of the arguments,
from among the formal methods defined for this function.
\end{Description}
\begin{Usage}
\begin{verbatim}
setGeneric(name, def= , group=list(), valueClass=character(),
           where= , package= , signature= , useAsDefault= ,
           genericFunction= , simpleInheritanceOnly = )

setGroupGeneric(name, def= , group=list(), valueClass=character(),
                knownMembers=list(), package= , where= )
\end{verbatim}
\end{Usage}
\begin{Arguments}
\begin{ldescription}
\item[\code{name}] The character string name of the generic function.
The simplest (and recommended) call, \code{setGeneric(name)}, 
looks for a function with this name and creates a corresponding
generic function,  if the function found was not generic.

\item[\code{def}] An optional function object, defining the generic.
Don't supply this argument if you want an existing non-generic
function to supply the arguments. Do supply it if there is
no current function of this name, or if you want the generic
function to have different arguments. In that case, the formal arguments
and default values for the generic are taken from \code{def}.  You
can also supply this argument if you want the generic function to
do something other than just dispatch methods.

Note that \code{def} is \emph{not} the default method; use argument
\code{useAsDefault} if you want to specify the default separately.

\item[\code{group}] Optionally, a character string giving the name of the group
generic function to which this function belongs.    See
\LinkA{Methods}{Methods} for details of group generic functions in method selection.

\item[\code{valueClass}] An optional character vector of one or more class
names.  The value returned by the generic function must
have (or extend) this class, or one of the classes; otherwise,
an error is generated.

\item[\code{package}] The name of the package with which this function is
associated.  Usually determined automatically (as the package
containing the non-generic version if there is one, or else the
package where this generic is to be saved).

\item[\code{where}] Where to store the resulting initial methods definition,
and possibly the generic function; by
default, stored into the top-level environment.

\item[\code{signature}] Optionally, the vector of names, from among the formal arguments
to the  function, that can
appear in the signature of methods for this function, in calls to
\code{\LinkA{setMethod}{setMethod}}. If \dots is one of the
formal arguments, it is treated specially. Starting with version
2.8.0 of \R, \dots may be signature of the generic function.
Methods will then be selected if their signature matches all the
\dots arguments.  See the documentation for topic
\LinkA{dotsMethods}{dotsMethods} for details.  In the present version, it is not
possible to mix \dots and other arguments in the signature (this
restriction may be lifted in later versions).

By default, the signature is inferred from the implicit generic
function corresponding to a  non-generic function.  If no implicit generic function has been defined,  the default is all the
formal arguments except \dots, in the order they appear in the
function definition. In the case that
\dots is the only formal argument, that is also the default signature.  To use \dots as the signature
in a function that has any other arguments, you must supply the
signature argument explicitly.  See the \dQuote{Implicit
Generic} section below for more details.

\item[\code{useAsDefault}] Override the usual choice of default argument (an existing
non-generic function or no default if there is no such function).
Argument \code{useAsDefault} can be supplied,
either as a function to use for the default, or as a logical value.
\code{FALSE} says not to have a default method at all, so that an
error occurs if there is not an explicit or inherited method for a
call.
\code{TRUE} says to use the existing function as default,
unconditionally (hardly ever needed as an explicit argument).
See the section on details.

\item[\code{simpleInheritanceOnly}] Supply this argument as \code{TRUE} to require that methods
selected be inherited through simple inheritance only; that is,
from superclasses specified in the \code{contains=} argument to
\code{\LinkA{setClass}{setClass}}, or by simple inheritance to a class
union or other virtual class.  Generic functions should require
simple inheritance if they need to be assured that they get the
complete original object, not one that has been transformed.
Examples of functions requiring simple inheritance are
\code{\LinkA{initialize}{initialize}}, because by definition it must return
an object from the same class as its argument, and
\code{\LinkA{show}{show}}, because it claims to give a full description
of the object provided as its argument.

\item[\code{genericFunction}] Don't use; for (possible) internal use only.

\item[\code{knownMembers}] (For \code{setGroupGeneric} only.)  The names of functions that are
known to be members of this group.  This information is used to
reset cached definitions of the member generics when information
about the group generic is changed.

\end{ldescription}
\end{Arguments}
\begin{Value}
The \code{setGeneric} function exists for its side effect: saving the
generic function to allow methods to be specified later.  It returns
\code{name}.
\end{Value}
\begin{Section}{Basic Use}
The \code{setGeneric} function is called to initialize a generic
function as
preparation for defining some methods for that function.

The simplest and most common situation is that \code{name} is already
an ordinary non-generic non-primitive function, and you now want to turn this
function into a generic.  In this case you will most often supply only
\code{name}, for example:

\code{setGeneric("colSums")}

There must be an existing function of this name, on some  attached package (in this case package \code{"base"}).
A generic version of this function will be created in the current package (or in the global environment if the call to \code{setGeneric()} is from an ordinary source file or is entered on the command line).
The existing function becomes the default method, and
the package slot of the new generic function is set to the location of the original function (\code{"base"} in the example).  It's an important feature that the same generic function definition is created each time, depending in the example only on the definition of \code{print} and where it is found.
The \code{signature} of the generic function, defining which of the formal arguments can be used in specifying methods, is set by default to all the formal arguments except \dots.

Note that calling \code{setGeneric()} in this form is not strictly necessary before calling \code{setMethod()} for the same function.  If the function specified in the call to \code{setMethod} is not generic, \code{setMethod} will execute the call to \code{setGeneric} itself.  Declaring explicitly that you want the function to be generic can be considered better programming style; the only difference in the result, however, is that not doing so produces a message noting the creation of the generic function.

You cannot (and never need to) create an explicit generic version of the
primitive functions in the base package.  Those which can be treated
as generic functions have methods selected and
dispatched from the internal C code, to satisfy concerns for  efficiency, and the others cannot be made
generic.  See the section on Primitive Functions below.

The description above is the effect when the package that owns the non-generic function has not created an implicit generic version.  Otherwise, it is this implicit generic function that is used. See the section on Implicit Generic Functions below.  Either way, the essential result is that the \emph{same} version of the  generic function will be created each time.

The second common use of \code{setGeneric()}  is to create a new generic
function, unrelated to any existing function, and frequently having no default method.  In this case, you
need to supply a skeleton of the function definition, to define the
arguments for the function.  The body of a generic function is
usually a standard form, \code{standardGeneric(name)} where
\code{name} is the quoted name of the generic function.
When calling \code{setGeneric} in this form, you would normally
supply the \code{def} argument as a function of this form.  See the second and third examples below.

The \code{useAsDefault} argument controls the default method for the new generic.
If not
told otherwise, \code{setGeneric} will try to find a non-generic
version of the function to use as a default. 
So, if you do have a suitable default method, it is often simpler to first set this up as a non-generic function, and then use the one-argument call to \code{setGeneric} at the beginning of this section.   See the first example in the Examples section below.

If you \emph{don't} want the existing function to be taken as default, supply the argument \code{useAsDefault}.  That argument
can be the function you want to be the default method, or
\code{FALSE} to force no default (i.e., to cause an error if
there is no direct or inherited method selected for a call to the function).
\end{Section}
\begin{Section}{Details}
If you want to change the behavior of an existing function (typically, one in another package) when you create a generic version, you must supply arguments to \code{setGeneric} correspondingly.
Whatever changes are made, the new generic function will be assigned with a package slot set to the \emph{current} package, not the one in which the non-generic version of the function is found.
This step is required because the version you are creating is no longer the same as that implied by the function in the other package.
A message will be printed to indicate that this has taken place and noting one of the differences between the two functions.


The body of a generic function usually does nothing
except for dispatching methods by a call to \code{standardGeneric}.
Under some circumstances you might just want to do some additional
computation in the generic function itself.  As long as your
function eventually calls \code{standardGeneric} that is permissible
(though perhaps not a good idea, in that it may make the behavior of
your function less easy to understand).  If your explicit
definition of the generic function
does \emph{not} call \code{standardGeneric} you are in trouble,
because none of the methods for the function will ever be
dispatched.

By default, the generic function can return any object.  If
\code{valueClass} is supplied, it should be a vector of class names;
the value returned by a method is then required to satisfy
\code{is(object, Class)} for one of the specified classes.  An empty
(i.e., zero length) vector of classes means anything is allowed.  Note
that more complicated requirements on the result can be specified
explicitly, by defining a non-standard generic function.

The \code{setGroupGeneric} function behaves like \code{setGeneric}
except that it constructs a group generic function, differing in two
ways from an ordinary generic function.  First, this function cannot
be called directly, and the body of the function created will contain
a stop call with this information.  Second, the group generic
function contains information about the known members of the group,
used to keep the members up to date when the group definition
changes, through changes in the search list or direct specification
of methods, etc.
\end{Section}
\begin{Section}{Implicit Generic Functions}
Saying that a non-generic function \dQuote{is converted to a generic}
is more precisely state that the function is converted to the
corresponding \emph{implicit} generic function.
If no special action has been taken, any function corresponds
implicitly to a generic function with the same arguments, in which
all arguments
other than \dots can be used.  The signature of this generic
function is the vector of formal arguments, in order, except for
\dots.

The source code for a package can define an implicit generic function
version of any function in that package (see \LinkA{implicitGeneric}{implicitGeneric}
for the mechanism).  You can not, generally, define an implicit
generic function in someone else's package. The usual reason for
defining an implicit generic is to prevent certain arguments from
appearing in the signature, which you must do if you want the
arguments to be used literally or if you want to enforce lazy
evaluation for any reason.  An implicit generic can also contain some
methods that you want to be predefined; in fact, the implicit generic
can be any generic version of the non-generic function.  The implicit
generic mechanism can also be used to prohibit a generic version (see \code{\LinkA{prohibitGeneric}{prohibitGeneric}}).

Whether defined or inferred automatically, the implicit generic will
be compared with the generic function that \code{setGeneric}
creates, when the implicit generic is in another package.  If the two
functions are identical, then the \code{package} slot of the created
generic will have the name of the package containing the implicit
generic.  Otherwise, the slot will be the name of the package in which
the generic is assigned.

The purpose of this rule is to ensure that all methods defined for a
particular combination of generic function and package names
correspond to a single, consistent version of the generic
function.  Calling \code{setGeneric} with only \code{name} and
possibly \code{package} as arguments guarantees getting the implicit
generic version, if one exists.

Including any of the other arguments can force a new, local version of
the generic function.  If you don't want to create a new version,
don't use the extra arguments.
\end{Section}
\begin{Section}{Generic Functions and Primitive Functions}
A number of the basic \R{} functions are specially implemented as
primitive functions, to be evaluated directly in the underlying C
code rather than by evaluating an \R{} language definition.  Most have
implicit generics (see \code{\LinkA{implicitGeneric}{implicitGeneric}}), and become
generic as soon as methods (including group methods) are defined on
them.  Others cannot be made generic.

Even when methods are defined for such functions, the generic
version is not visible on the search list, in order that the C
version continues to be called.  Method selection will be initiated
in the C code.  Note, however, that the result is to restrict
methods for primitive functions to signatures in which at least one
of the classes in the signature is a formal S4 class.

To see the generic version of a primitive function, use
\code{\LinkA{getGeneric}{getGeneric}(name)}.  The function
\code{\LinkA{isGeneric}{isGeneric}} will tell you whether methods are defined
for the function in the current session.

Note that S4 methods can only be set on those primitives which are
\sQuote{\LinkA{internal generic}{internal generic}}, plus \code{\%*\%}.
\end{Section}
\begin{References}\relax
Chambers, John M. (2008)
\emph{Software for Data Analysis: Programming with R}
Springer.  (For the R version.)

Chambers, John M. (1998)
\emph{Programming with Data}
Springer (For the original S4 version.)
\end{References}
\begin{SeeAlso}\relax
\code{\LinkA{Methods}{Methods}} and the links there for a general discussion,
\code{\LinkA{dotsMethods}{dotsMethods}} for methods that dispatch on
\dQuote{\dots}, and \code{\LinkA{setMethod}{setMethod}} for method definitions.
\end{SeeAlso}
\begin{Examples}
\begin{ExampleCode}


## create a new generic function, with a default method
props <- function(object) attributes(object)
setGeneric("props")

## A new generic function with no default method
setGeneric("increment",
  function(object, step, ...)
    standardGeneric("increment")
)

###   A non-standard generic function.  It insists that the methods
###   return a non-empty character vector (a stronger requirement than
###    valueClass = "character" in the call to setGeneric)

setGeneric("authorNames",
    function(text) {
      value <- standardGeneric("authorNames")
      if(!(is(value, "character") && any(nchar(value)>0)))
        stop("authorNames methods must return non-empty strings")
      value
      })



## An example of group generic methods, using the class
## "track"; see the documentation of setClass for its definition

## define a method for the Arith group

setMethod("Arith", c("track", "numeric"),
 function(e1, e2) {
  e1@y <- callGeneric(e1@y , e2)
  e1
})

setMethod("Arith", c("numeric", "track"),
 function(e1, e2) {
  e2@y <- callGeneric(e1, e2@y)
  e2
})

## now arithmetic operators  will dispatch methods:

t1 <- new("track", x=1:10, y=sort(stats::rnorm(10)))

t1 - 100
1/t1


\end{ExampleCode}
\end{Examples}

