"""Extract information from alignment objects. In order to try and avoid huge alignment objects with tons of functions, functions which return summary type information about alignments should be put into classes in this module. classes: o SummaryInfo o PSSM """ # standard library import math import sys # biopython modules from Bio import Alphabet from Bio.Alphabet import IUPAC from Bio.Seq import Seq from Bio.SubsMat import FreqTable # Expected random distributions for 20-letter protein, and # for 4-letter nucleotide alphabets Protein20Random = 0.05 Nucleotide4Random = 0.25 class SummaryInfo: """Calculate summary info about the alignment. This class should be used to caclculate information summarizing the results of an alignment. This may either be straight consensus info or more complicated things. """ def __init__(self, alignment): """Initialize with the alignment to calculate information on. ic_vector attribute. A dictionary. Keys: column numbers. Values: """ self.alignment = alignment self.ic_vector = {} def dumb_consensus(self, threshold = .7, ambiguous = "X", consensus_alpha = None, require_multiple = 0): """Output a fast consensus sequence of the alignment. This doesn't do anything fancy at all. It will just go through the sequence residue by residue and count up the number of each type of residue (ie. A or G or T or C for DNA) in all sequences in the alignment. If the percentage of the most common residue type is greater then the passed threshold, then we will add that residue type, otherwise an ambiguous character will be added. This could be made a lot fancier (ie. to take a substitution matrix into account), but it just meant for a quick and dirty consensus. Arguments: o threshold - The threshold value that is required to add a particular atom. o ambiguous - The ambiguous character to be added when the threshold is not reached. o consensus_alpha - The alphabet to return for the consensus sequence. If this is None, then we will try to guess the alphabet. o require_multiple - If set as 1, this will require that more than 1 sequence be part of an alignment to put it in the consensus (ie. not just 1 sequence and gaps). """ # Iddo Friedberg, 1-JUL-2004: changed ambiguous default to "X" consensus = '' # find the length of the consensus we are creating con_len = self.alignment.get_alignment_length() # go through each seq item for n in range(con_len): # keep track of the counts of the different atoms we get atom_dict = {} num_atoms = 0 for record in self.alignment._records: # make sure we haven't run past the end of any sequences # if they are of different lengths if n < len(record.seq): if record.seq[n] != '-' and record.seq[n] != '.': if record.seq[n] not in atom_dict: atom_dict[record.seq[n]] = 1 else: atom_dict[record.seq[n]] += 1 num_atoms = num_atoms + 1 max_atoms = [] max_size = 0 for atom in atom_dict: if atom_dict[atom] > max_size: max_atoms = [atom] max_size = atom_dict[atom] elif atom_dict[atom] == max_size: max_atoms.append(atom) if require_multiple and num_atoms == 1: consensus += ambiguous elif (len(max_atoms) == 1) and ((float(max_size)/float(num_atoms)) >= threshold): consensus += max_atoms[0] else: consensus += ambiguous # we need to guess a consensus alphabet if one isn't specified if consensus_alpha is None: consensus_alpha = self._guess_consensus_alphabet(ambiguous) return Seq(consensus, consensus_alpha) def gap_consensus(self, threshold = .7, ambiguous = "X", consensus_alpha = None, require_multiple = 0): """Same as dumb_consensus(), but allows gap on the output. Things to do: Let the user define that with only one gap, the result character in consensus is gap. Let the user select gap character, now it takes the same is input. """ # Iddo Friedberg, 1-JUL-2004: changed ambiguous default to "X" consensus = '' # find the length of the consensus we are creating con_len = self.alignment.get_alignment_length() # go through each seq item for n in range(con_len): # keep track of the counts of the different atoms we get atom_dict = {} num_atoms = 0 for record in self.alignment._records: # make sure we haven't run past the end of any sequences # if they are of different lengths if n < len(record.seq): if record.seq[n] not in atom_dict: atom_dict[record.seq[n]] = 1 else: atom_dict[record.seq[n]] += 1 num_atoms += 1 max_atoms = [] max_size = 0 for atom in atom_dict: if atom_dict[atom] > max_size: max_atoms = [atom] max_size = atom_dict[atom] elif atom_dict[atom] == max_size: max_atoms.append(atom) if require_multiple and num_atoms == 1: consensus += ambiguous elif (len(max_atoms) == 1) and ((float(max_size)/float(num_atoms)) >= threshold): consensus += max_atoms[0] else: consensus += ambiguous # we need to guess a consensus alphabet if one isn't specified if consensus_alpha is None: #TODO - Should we make this into a Gapped alphabet? consensus_alpha = self._guess_consensus_alphabet(ambiguous) return Seq(consensus, consensus_alpha) def _guess_consensus_alphabet(self, ambiguous): """Pick an (ungapped) alphabet for an alignment consesus sequence. This just looks at the sequences we have, checks their type, and returns as appropriate type which seems to make sense with the sequences we've got. """ #Start with the (un-gapped version of) the alignment alphabet a = Alphabet._get_base_alphabet(self.alignment._alphabet) #Now check its compatible with all the rest of the sequences for record in self.alignment: #Get the (un-gapped version of) the sequence's alphabet alt = Alphabet._get_base_alphabet(record.seq.alphabet) if not isinstance(alt, a.__class__): raise ValueError \ ("Alignment contains a sequence with an incompatible alphabet.") #Check the ambiguous character we are going to use in the consensus #is in the alphabet's list of valid letters (if defined). if hasattr(a, "letters") and a.letters is not None \ and ambiguous not in a.letters: #We'll need to pick a more generic alphabet... if isinstance(a, IUPAC.IUPACUnambiguousDNA): if ambiguous in IUPAC.IUPACUnambiguousDNA().letters: a = IUPAC.IUPACUnambiguousDNA() else: a = Alphabet.generic_dna elif isinstance(a, IUPAC.IUPACUnambiguousRNA): if ambiguous in IUPAC.IUPACUnambiguousRNA().letters: a = IUPAC.IUPACUnambiguousRNA() else: a = Alphabet.generic_rna elif isinstance(a, IUPAC.IUPACProtein): if ambiguous in IUPAC.ExtendedIUPACProtein().letters: a = IUPAC.ExtendedIUPACProtein() else: a = Alphabet.generic_protein else: a = Alphabet.single_letter_alphabet return a def replacement_dictionary(self, skip_chars = []): """Generate a replacement dictionary to plug into a substitution matrix This should look at an alignment, and be able to generate the number of substitutions of different residues for each other in the aligned object. Will then return a dictionary with this information: {('A', 'C') : 10, ('C', 'A') : 12, ('G', 'C') : 15 ....} This also treats weighted sequences. The following example shows how we calculate the replacement dictionary. Given the following multiple sequence alignments: GTATC 0.5 AT--C 0.8 CTGTC 1.0 For the first column we have: ('A', 'G') : 0.5 * 0.8 = 0.4 ('C', 'G') : 0.5 * 1.0 = 0.5 ('A', 'C') : 0.8 * 1.0 = 0.8 We then continue this for all of the columns in the alignment, summing the information for each substitution in each column, until we end up with the replacement dictionary. Arguments: o skip_chars - A list of characters to skip when creating the dictionary. For instance, you might have Xs (screened stuff) or Ns, and not want to include the ambiguity characters in the dictionary. """ # get a starting dictionary based on the alphabet of the alignment rep_dict, skip_items = self._get_base_replacements(skip_chars) # iterate through each record for rec_num1 in range(len(self.alignment._records)): # iterate through each record from one beyond the current record # to the end of the list of records for rec_num2 in range(rec_num1 + 1, len(self.alignment._records)): # for each pair of records, compare the sequences and add # the pertinent info to the dictionary rep_dict = self._pair_replacement( self.alignment._records[rec_num1].seq, self.alignment._records[rec_num2].seq, self.alignment._records[rec_num1].annotations.get('weight',1.0), self.alignment._records[rec_num2].annotations.get('weight',1.0), rep_dict, skip_items) return rep_dict def _pair_replacement(self, seq1, seq2, weight1, weight2, start_dict, ignore_chars): """Compare two sequences and generate info on the replacements seen. Arguments: o seq1, seq2 - The two sequences to compare. o weight1, weight2 - The relative weights of seq1 and seq2. o start_dict - The dictionary containing the starting replacement info that we will modify. o ignore_chars - A list of characters to ignore when calculating replacements (ie. '-'). Returns: o A replacment dictionary which is modified from initial_dict with the information from the sequence comparison. """ # loop through each residue in the sequences for residue_num in range(len(seq1)): residue1 = seq1[residue_num] try: residue2 = seq2[residue_num] # if seq2 is shorter, then we just stop looking at replacements # and return the information except IndexError: return start_dict # if the two residues are characters we want to count if (residue1 not in ignore_chars) and (residue2 not in ignore_chars): try: # add info about the replacement to the dictionary, # modified by the sequence weights start_dict[(residue1, residue2)] += weight1 * weight2 # if we get a key error, then we've got a problem with alphabets except KeyError: raise ValueError("Residues %s, %s not found in alphabet %s" % (residue1, residue2, self.alignment._alphabet)) return start_dict def _get_all_letters(self): """Returns a string containing the expected letters in the alignment.""" all_letters = self.alignment._alphabet.letters if all_letters is None \ or (isinstance(self.alignment._alphabet, Alphabet.Gapped) \ and all_letters == self.alignment._alphabet.gap_char): #We are dealing with a generic alphabet class where the #letters are not defined! We must build a list of the #letters used... set_letters = set() for record in self.alignment: #Note the built in set does not have a union_update #which was provided by the sets module's Set set_letters = set_letters.union(record.seq) list_letters = list(set_letters) list_letters.sort() all_letters = "".join(list_letters) return all_letters def _get_base_replacements(self, skip_items = []): """Get a zeroed dictonary of all possible letter combinations. This looks at the type of alphabet and gets the letters for it. It then creates a dictionary with all possible combinations of these letters as keys (ie. ('A', 'G')) and sets the values as zero. Returns: o The base dictionary created o A list of alphabet items to skip when filling the dictionary.Right now the only thing I can imagine in this list is gap characters, but maybe X's or something else might be useful later. This will also include any characters that are specified to be skipped. """ base_dictionary = {} all_letters = self._get_all_letters() # if we have a gapped alphabet we need to find the gap character # and drop it out if isinstance(self.alignment._alphabet, Alphabet.Gapped): skip_items.append(self.alignment._alphabet.gap_char) all_letters = all_letters.replace(self.alignment._alphabet.gap_char,'') # now create the dictionary for first_letter in all_letters: for second_letter in all_letters: if (first_letter not in skip_items and second_letter not in skip_items): base_dictionary[(first_letter, second_letter)] = 0 return base_dictionary, skip_items def pos_specific_score_matrix(self, axis_seq = None, chars_to_ignore = []): """Create a position specific score matrix object for the alignment. This creates a position specific score matrix (pssm) which is an alternative method to look at a consensus sequence. Arguments: o chars_to_ignore - A listing of all characters not to include in the pssm. If the alignment alphabet declares a gap character, then it will be excluded automatically. o axis_seq - An optional argument specifying the sequence to put on the axis of the PSSM. This should be a Seq object. If nothing is specified, the consensus sequence, calculated with default parameters, will be used. Returns: o A PSSM (position specific score matrix) object. """ # determine all of the letters we have to deal with all_letters = self._get_all_letters() assert all_letters if not isinstance(chars_to_ignore, list): raise TypeError("chars_to_ignore should be a list.") # if we have a gap char, add it to stuff to ignore if isinstance(self.alignment._alphabet, Alphabet.Gapped): chars_to_ignore.append(self.alignment._alphabet.gap_char) for char in chars_to_ignore: all_letters = all_letters.replace(char, '') if axis_seq: left_seq = axis_seq assert len(axis_seq) == self.alignment.get_alignment_length() else: left_seq = self.dumb_consensus() pssm_info = [] # now start looping through all of the sequences and getting info for residue_num in range(len(left_seq)): score_dict = self._get_base_letters(all_letters) for record in self.alignment._records: try: this_residue = record.seq[residue_num] # if we hit an index error we've run out of sequence and # should not add new residues except IndexError: this_residue = None if this_residue and this_residue not in chars_to_ignore: weight = record.annotations.get('weight', 1.0) try: score_dict[this_residue] += weight # if we get a KeyError then we have an alphabet problem except KeyError: raise ValueError("Residue %s not found in alphabet %s" % (this_residue, self.alignment._alphabet)) pssm_info.append((left_seq[residue_num], score_dict)) return PSSM(pssm_info) def _get_base_letters(self, letters): """Create a zeroed dictionary with all of the specified letters. """ base_info = {} for letter in letters: base_info[letter] = 0 return base_info def information_content(self, start = 0, end = None, e_freq_table = None, log_base = 2, chars_to_ignore = []): """Calculate the information content for each residue along an alignment. Arguments: o start, end - The starting an ending points to calculate the information content. These points should be relative to the first sequence in the alignment, starting at zero (ie. even if the 'real' first position in the seq is 203 in the initial sequence, for the info content, we need to use zero). This defaults to the entire length of the first sequence. o e_freq_table - A FreqTable object specifying the expected frequencies for each letter in the alphabet we are using (e.g. {'G' : 0.4, 'C' : 0.4, 'T' : 0.1, 'A' : 0.1}). Gap characters should not be included, since these should not have expected frequencies. o log_base - The base of the logathrim to use in calculating the information content. This defaults to 2 so the info is in bits. o chars_to_ignore - A listing of characterw which should be ignored in calculating the info content. Returns: o A number representing the info content for the specified region. Please see the Biopython manual for more information on how information content is calculated. """ # if no end was specified, then we default to the end of the sequence if end is None: end = len(self.alignment._records[0].seq) if start < 0 or end > len(self.alignment._records[0].seq): raise ValueError \ ("Start (%s) and end (%s) are not in the range %s to %s" % (start, end, 0, len(self.alignment._records[0].seq))) # determine random expected frequencies, if necessary random_expected = None if not e_freq_table: #TODO - What about ambiguous alphabets? base_alpha = Alphabet._get_base_alphabet(self.alignment._alphabet) if isinstance(base_alpha, Alphabet.ProteinAlphabet): random_expected = Protein20Random elif isinstance(base_alpha, Alphabet.NucleotideAlphabet): random_expected = Nucleotide4Random else: errstr = "Error in alphabet: not Nucleotide or Protein, " errstr += "supply expected frequencies" raise ValueError(errstr) del base_alpha elif not isinstance(e_freq_table, FreqTable.FreqTable): raise ValueError("e_freq_table should be a FreqTable object") # determine all of the letters we have to deal with all_letters = self._get_all_letters() for char in chars_to_ignore: all_letters = all_letters.replace(char, '') info_content = {} for residue_num in range(start, end): freq_dict = self._get_letter_freqs(residue_num, self.alignment._records, all_letters, chars_to_ignore) # print freq_dict, column_score = self._get_column_info_content(freq_dict, e_freq_table, log_base, random_expected) info_content[residue_num] = column_score # sum up the score total_info = sum(info_content.values()) # fill in the ic_vector member: holds IC for each column for i in info_content: self.ic_vector[i] = info_content[i] return total_info def _get_letter_freqs(self, residue_num, all_records, letters, to_ignore): """Determine the frequency of specific letters in the alignment. Arguments: o residue_num - The number of the column we are getting frequencies from. o all_records - All of the SeqRecords in the alignment. o letters - The letters we are interested in getting the frequency for. o to_ignore - Letters we are specifically supposed to ignore. This will calculate the frequencies of each of the specified letters in the alignment at the given frequency, and return this as a dictionary where the keys are the letters and the values are the frequencies. """ freq_info = self._get_base_letters(letters) total_count = 0 # collect the count info into the dictionary for all the records for record in all_records: try: if record.seq[residue_num] not in to_ignore: weight = record.annotations.get('weight',1.0) freq_info[record.seq[residue_num]] += weight total_count += weight # getting a key error means we've got a problem with the alphabet except KeyError: raise ValueError("Residue %s not found in alphabet %s" % (record.seq[residue_num], self.alignment._alphabet)) if total_count == 0: # This column must be entirely ignored characters for letter in freq_info: assert freq_info[letter] == 0 #TODO - Map this to NA or NaN? else: # now convert the counts into frequencies for letter in freq_info: freq_info[letter] = freq_info[letter] / total_count return freq_info def _get_column_info_content(self, obs_freq, e_freq_table, log_base, random_expected): """Calculate the information content for a column. Arguments: o obs_freq - The frequencies observed for each letter in the column. o e_freq_table - An optional argument specifying the expected frequencies for each letter. This is a SubsMat.FreqTable instance. o log_base - The base of the logathrim to use in calculating the info content. """ try: gap_char = self.alignment._alphabet.gap_char except AttributeError: #The alphabet doesn't declare a gap - there could be none #in the sequence... or just a vague alphabet. gap_char = "-" #Safe? if e_freq_table: if not isinstance(e_freq_table, FreqTable.FreqTable): raise ValueError("e_freq_table should be a FreqTable object") # check the expected freq information to make sure it is good for key in obs_freq: if (key != gap_char and key not in e_freq_table): raise ValueError("Expected frequency letters %s " "do not match observed %s" \ % (list(e_freq_table.keys()), list(obs_freq.keys()) - [gap_char])) total_info = 0.0 for letter in obs_freq: inner_log = 0.0 # if we have expected frequencies, modify the log value by them # gap characters do not have expected frequencies, so they # should just be the observed frequency. if letter != gap_char: if e_freq_table: inner_log = obs_freq[letter] / e_freq_table[letter] else: inner_log = obs_freq[letter] / random_expected # if the observed frequency is zero, we don't add any info to the # total information content if inner_log > 0: letter_info = (obs_freq[letter] * math.log(inner_log) / math.log(log_base)) total_info += letter_info return total_info def get_column(self,col): return self.alignment.get_column(col) class PSSM: """Represent a position specific score matrix. This class is meant to make it easy to access the info within a PSSM and also make it easy to print out the information in a nice table. Let's say you had an alignment like this: GTATC AT--C CTGTC The position specific score matrix (when printed) looks like: G A T C G 1 1 0 1 T 0 0 3 0 A 1 1 0 0 T 0 0 2 0 C 0 0 0 3 You can access a single element of the PSSM using the following: your_pssm[sequence_number][residue_count_name] For instance, to get the 'T' residue for the second element in the above alignment you would need to do: your_pssm[1]['T'] """ def __init__(self, pssm): """Initialize with pssm data to represent. The pssm passed should be a list with the following structure: list[0] - The letter of the residue being represented (for instance, from the example above, the first few list[0]s would be GTAT... list[1] - A dictionary with the letter substitutions and counts. """ self.pssm = pssm def __getitem__(self, pos): return self.pssm[pos][1] def __str__(self): out = " " all_residues = list(self.pssm[0][1].keys()) all_residues.sort() # first print out the top header for res in all_residues: out += " %s" % res out += "\n" # for each item, write out the substitutions for item in self.pssm: out += "%s " % item[0] for res in all_residues: out += " %.1f" % item[1][res] out += "\n" return out def get_residue(self, pos): """Return the residue letter at the specified position. """ return self.pssm[pos][0] def print_info_content(summary_info,fout=None,rep_record=0): """ Three column output: position, aa in representative sequence, ic_vector value""" fout = fout or sys.stdout if not summary_info.ic_vector: summary_info.information_content() rep_sequence = summary_info.alignment._records[rep_record].seq positions = list(summary_info.ic_vector.keys()) positions.sort() for pos in positions: fout.write("%d %s %.3f\n" % (pos, rep_sequence[pos], summary_info.ic_vector[pos])) if __name__ == "__main__": print("Quick test") from Bio import AlignIO from Bio.Align.Generic import Alignment filename = "../../Tests/GFF/multi.fna" format = "fasta" expected = FreqTable.FreqTable({"A":0.25,"G":0.25,"T":0.25,"C":0.25}, FreqTable.FREQ, IUPAC.unambiguous_dna) alignment = AlignIO.read(open(filename), format) for record in alignment: print(record.seq.tostring()) print("="*alignment.get_alignment_length()) summary = SummaryInfo(alignment) consensus = summary.dumb_consensus(ambiguous="N") print(consensus) consensus = summary.gap_consensus(ambiguous="N") print(consensus) print() print(summary.pos_specific_score_matrix(chars_to_ignore=['-'], axis_seq=consensus)) print() #Have a generic alphabet, without a declared gap char, so must tell #provide the frequencies and chars to ignore explicitly. print(summary.information_content(e_freq_table=expected, chars_to_ignore=['-'])) print() print("Trying a protein sequence with gaps and stops") alpha = Alphabet.HasStopCodon(Alphabet.Gapped(Alphabet.generic_protein, "-"), "*") a = Alignment(alpha) a.add_sequence("ID001", "MHQAIFIYQIGYP*LKSGYIQSIRSPEYDNW-") a.add_sequence("ID002", "MH--IFIYQIGYAYLKSGYIQSIRSPEY-NW*") a.add_sequence("ID003", "MHQAIFIYQIGYPYLKSGYIQSIRSPEYDNW*") print(a) print("="*a.get_alignment_length()) s = SummaryInfo(a) c = s.dumb_consensus(ambiguous="X") print(c) c = s.gap_consensus(ambiguous="X") print(c) print() print(s.pos_specific_score_matrix(chars_to_ignore=['-', '*'], axis_seq=c)) print(s.information_content(chars_to_ignore=['-', '*'])) print("Done")