chaos Wiki The master copies of EMBOSS documentation are available at http://emboss.open-bio.org/wiki/Appdocs on the EMBOSS Wiki. Please help by correcting and extending the Wiki pages. Function Draw a chaos game representation plot for a nucleotide sequence Description chaos creates a chaos game representation (CGR) plot for a nucleotide sequence. A CGR plot represents a nucleotide sequence as a square box with an A, G, C, or T nucleotide at each corner. The box contains dots, each one representing a dinucleotide. All overlapping dinucleotides from the start to the end of the sequence are plotted. Regions which are devoid of dots (or heavily covered with dots) indicate short sequence motifs that are unusually infrequent (or frequent). CGR plots depict base composition and sequentiality and is a unique visual representation of a sequence that complements more traditional linear representations. Algorithm The plot is generated as follows. A box is drawn and an A, G, C, or T is drawn at each corner. Starting from the middle, move half way to the corner of the box representing the first base in the sequence and draw a dot. Then for each subsequent base move half way to the corresponding box corner and draw a dot. Finally display the number and percentage values of AGCT bases. The result is an image of a square sprinkled with dots. Usage Here is a sample session with chaos % chaos tembl:j01636 -graph cps Draw a chaos game representation plot for a nucleotide sequence Created chaos.ps Go to the input files for this example Go to the output files for this example Command line arguments Draw a chaos game representation plot for a nucleotide sequence Version: EMBOSS:6.4.0.0 Standard (Mandatory) qualifiers: [-sequence] sequence Nucleotide sequence filename and optional format, or reference (input USA) -graph graph [$EMBOSS_GRAPHICS value, or x11] Graph type (ps, hpgl, hp7470, hp7580, meta, cps, x11, tek, tekt, none, data, xterm, png, gif, pdf, svg) Additional (Optional) qualifiers: (none) Advanced (Unprompted) qualifiers: (none) Associated qualifiers: "-sequence" associated qualifiers -sbegin1 integer Start of the sequence to be used -send1 integer End of the sequence to be used -sreverse1 boolean Reverse (if DNA) -sask1 boolean Ask for begin/end/reverse -snucleotide1 boolean Sequence is nucleotide -sprotein1 boolean Sequence is protein -slower1 boolean Make lower case -supper1 boolean Make upper case -sformat1 string Input sequence format -sdbname1 string Database name -sid1 string Entryname -ufo1 string UFO features -fformat1 string Features format -fopenfile1 string Features file name "-graph" associated qualifiers -gprompt boolean Graph prompting -gdesc string Graph description -gtitle string Graph title -gsubtitle string Graph subtitle -gxtitle string Graph x axis title -gytitle string Graph y axis title -goutfile string Output file for non interactive displays -gdirectory string Output directory General qualifiers: -auto boolean Turn off prompts -stdout boolean Write first file to standard output -filter boolean Read first file from standard input, write first file to standard output -options boolean Prompt for standard and additional values -debug boolean Write debug output to program.dbg -verbose boolean Report some/full command line options -help boolean Report command line options and exit. More information on associated and general qualifiers can be found with -help -verbose -warning boolean Report warnings -error boolean Report errors -fatal boolean Report fatal errors -die boolean Report dying program messages -version boolean Report version number and exit Input file format chaos reads a single nucleotide sequence. The input is a standard EMBOSS sequence query (also known as a 'USA'). Major sequence database sources defined as standard in EMBOSS installations include srs:embl, srs:uniprot and ensembl Data can also be read from sequence output in any supported format written by an EMBOSS or third-party application. The input format can be specified by using the command-line qualifier -sformat xxx, where 'xxx' is replaced by the name of the required format. The available format names are: gff (gff3), gff2, embl (em), genbank (gb, refseq), ddbj, refseqp, pir (nbrf), swissprot (swiss, sw), dasgff and debug. See: http://emboss.sf.net/docs/themes/SequenceFormats.html for further information on sequence formats. Input files for usage example 'tembl:j01636' is a sequence entry in the example nucleic acid database 'tembl' Database entry: tembl:j01636 ID J01636; SV 1; linear; genomic DNA; STD; PRO; 7477 BP. XX AC J01636; J01637; K01483; K01793; XX DT 30-NOV-1990 (Rel. 26, Created) DT 09-SEP-2004 (Rel. 81, Last updated, Version 8) XX DE E.coli lactose operon with lacI, lacZ, lacY and lacA genes. XX KW acetyltransferase; beta-D-galactosidase; galactosidase; lac operon; KW lac repressor protein; lacA gene; lacI gene; lactose permease; lacY gene; KW lacZ gene; mutagenesis; palindrome; promoter region; KW thiogalactoside acetyltransferase. XX OS Escherichia coli OC Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Gammaproteobacteria; Enterobacteriales; OC Enterobacteriaceae; Escherichia. XX RN [1] RP 1243-1266 RX DOI; 10.1073/pnas.70.12.3581. RX PUBMED; 4587255. RA Gilbert W., Maxam A.; RT "The nucleotide sequence of the lac operator"; RL Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 70(12):3581-3584(1973). XX RN [2] RP 1246-1308 RX DOI; 10.1073/pnas.70.12.3585. RX PUBMED; 4587256. RA Maizels N.M.; RT "The nucleotide sequence of the lactose messenger ribonucleic acid RT transcribed from the UV5 promoter mutant of Escherichia coli"; RL Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 70(12):3585-3589(1973). XX RN [3] RX PUBMED; 4598642. RA Gilbert W., Maizels N., Maxam A.; RT "Sequences of controlling regions of the lactose operon"; RL Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 38:845-855(1974). XX RN [4] RA Gilbert W., Gralla J., Majors A.J., Maxam A.; RT "Lactose operator sequences and the action of lac repressor"; RL (in) Sund H., Blauer G. (Eds.); RL PROTEIN-LIGAND INTERACTIONS:193-207; RL Walter de Gruyter, New York (1975) XX RN [5] RP 1146-1282 [Part of this file has been deleted for brevity] cgatttggct acatgacatc aaccatatca gcaaaagtga tacgggtatt atttttgccg 4560 ctatttctct gttctcgcta ttattccaac cgctgtttgg tctgctttct gacaaactcg 4620 ggctgcgcaa atacctgctg tggattatta ccggcatgtt agtgatgttt gcgccgttct 4680 ttatttttat cttcgggcca ctgttacaat acaacatttt agtaggatcg attgttggtg 4740 gtatttatct aggcttttgt tttaacgccg gtgcgccagc agtagaggca tttattgaga 4800 aagtcagccg tcgcagtaat ttcgaatttg gtcgcgcgcg gatgtttggc tgtgttggct 4860 gggcgctgtg tgcctcgatt gtcggcatca tgttcaccat caataatcag tttgttttct 4920 ggctgggctc tggctgtgca ctcatcctcg ccgttttact ctttttcgcc aaaacggatg 4980 cgccctcttc tgccacggtt gccaatgcgg taggtgccaa ccattcggca tttagcctta 5040 agctggcact ggaactgttc agacagccaa aactgtggtt tttgtcactg tatgttattg 5100 gcgtttcctg cacctacgat gtttttgacc aacagtttgc taatttcttt acttcgttct 5160 ttgctaccgg tgaacagggt acgcgggtat ttggctacgt aacgacaatg ggcgaattac 5220 ttaacgcctc gattatgttc tttgcgccac tgatcattaa tcgcatcggt gggaaaaacg 5280 ccctgctgct ggctggcact attatgtctg tacgtattat tggctcatcg ttcgccacct 5340 cagcgctgga agtggttatt ctgaaaacgc tgcatatgtt tgaagtaccg ttcctgctgg 5400 tgggctgctt taaatatatt accagccagt ttgaagtgcg tttttcagcg acgatttatc 5460 tggtctgttt ctgcttcttt aagcaactgg cgatgatttt tatgtctgta ctggcgggca 5520 atatgtatga aagcatcggt ttccagggcg cttatctggt gctgggtctg gtggcgctgg 5580 gcttcacctt aatttccgtg ttcacgctta gcggccccgg cccgctttcc ctgctgcgtc 5640 gtcaggtgaa tgaagtcgct taagcaatca atgtcggatg cggcgcgacg cttatccgac 5700 caacatatca taacggagtg atcgcattga acatgccaat gaccgaaaga ataagagcag 5760 gcaagctatt taccgatatg tgcgaaggct taccggaaaa aagacttcgt gggaaaacgt 5820 taatgtatga gtttaatcac tcgcatccat cagaagttga aaaaagagaa agcctgatta 5880 aagaaatgtt tgccacggta ggggaaaacg cctgggtaga accgcctgtc tatttctctt 5940 acggttccaa catccatata ggccgcaatt tttatgcaaa tttcaattta accattgtcg 6000 atgactacac ggtaacaatc ggtgataacg tactgattgc acccaacgtt actctttccg 6060 ttacgggaca ccctgtacac catgaattga gaaaaaacgg cgagatgtac tcttttccga 6120 taacgattgg caataacgtc tggatcggaa gtcatgtggt tattaatcca ggcgtcacca 6180 tcggggataa ttctgttatt ggcgcgggta gtatcgtcac aaaagacatt ccaccaaacg 6240 tcgtggcggc tggcgttcct tgtcgggtta ttcgcgaaat aaacgaccgg gataagcact 6300 attatttcaa agattataaa gttgaatcgt cagtttaaat tataaaaatt gcctgatacg 6360 ctgcgcttat caggcctaca agttcagcga tctacattag ccgcatccgg catgaacaaa 6420 gcgcaggaac aagcgtcgca tcatgcctct ttgacccaca gctgcggaaa acgtactggt 6480 gcaaaacgca gggttatgat catcagccca acgacgcaca gcgcatgaaa tgcccagtcc 6540 atcaggtaat tgccgctgat actacgcagc acgccagaaa accacggggc aagcccggcg 6600 atgataaaac cgattccctg cataaacgcc accagcttgc cagcaatagc cggttgcaca 6660 gagtgatcga gcgccagcag caaacagagc ggaaacgcgc cgcccagacc taacccacac 6720 accatcgccc acaataccgg caattgcatc ggcagccaga taaagccgca gaaccccacc 6780 agttgtaaca ccagcgccag cattaacagt ttgcgccgat cctgatggcg agccatagca 6840 ggcatcagca aagctcctgc ggcttgccca agcgtcatca atgccagtaa ggaaccgctg 6900 tactgcgcgc tggcaccaat ctcaatatag aaagcgggta accaggcaat caggctggcg 6960 taaccgccgt taatcagacc gaagtaaaca cccagcgtcc acgcgcgggg agtgaatacc 7020 acgcgaaccg gagtggttgt tgtcttgtgg gaagaggcga cctcgcgggc gctttgccac 7080 caccaggcaa agagcgcaac aacggcaggc agcgccacca ggcgagtgtt tgataccagg 7140 tttcgctatg ttgaactaac cagggcgtta tggcggcacc aagcccaccg ccgcccatca 7200 gagccgcgga ccacagcccc atcaccagtg gcgtgcgctg ctgaaaccgc cgtttaatca 7260 ccgaagcatc accgcctgaa tgatgccgat ccccacccca ccaagcagtg cgctgctaag 7320 cagcagcgca ctttgcgggt aaagctcacg catcaatgca ccgacggcaa tcagcaacag 7380 actgatggcg acactgcgac gttcgctgac atgctgatga agccagcttc cggccagcgc 7440 cagcccgccc atggtaacca ccggcagagc ggtcgac 7477 // Output file format The output is to the specified graphics device. The results can be output in one of several formats by using the command-line qualifier -graph xxx, where 'xxx' is replaced by the name of the required device. Support depends on the availability of third-party software packages. The device names that output to a file are: ps (postscript), cps (colourps), png, gif, pdf, svg, hpgl, hp7470, hp7580, das, data. The other available device names are: meta, x11 (xwindows), tek (tek4107t), tekt (tektronix), xterm, text. Output can be turned off by specifying none (null). See: http://emboss.sf.net/docs/themes/GraphicsDevices.html for further information on supported devices. Output files for usage example Graphics File: chaos.ps [chaos results] Data files None. Notes Regions which are devoid of dots (or heavily covered with dots) indicate short sequence motifs that are unusually infrequent (or frequent). The sequence of such motifs can be deduced by looking to see which quarter of the square the region is in - the letter that this quarter belongs to is the first base of the motif. The quarter is then quartered again and the appropriate base letters are assigned to the corners of the quarter - the part that the region is in gives the second base of the motif. The process continues until you have identified the 1/16th or 1/32nd, etc. of the original square containing the unusual region and you now have the sequence of the motif. References 1. Jeffrey (1990) Nucleic Acids Research 18: 2163-2170 "Chaos game representation of gene structure" Warnings None. Diagnostic Error Messages None. Exit status 0 upon successful completion. Known bugs None. See also Program name Description banana Plot bending and curvature data for B-DNA btwisted Calculate the twisting in a B-DNA sequence compseq Calculate the composition of unique words in sequences dan Calculates nucleic acid melting temperature density Draw a nucleic acid density plot freak Generate residue/base frequency table or plot isochore Plots isochores in DNA sequences wordcount Count and extract unique words in molecular sequence(s) Author(s) Ian Longden formerly at: Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK. Please report all bugs to the EMBOSS bug team (emboss-bug (c) emboss.open-bio.org) not to the original author. History Completed 22nd March 1999. Target users This program is intended to be used by everyone and everything, from naive users to embedded scripts. Comments None