UScrime                 package:MASS                 R Documentation

_T_h_e _E_f_f_e_c_t _o_f _P_u_n_i_s_h_m_e_n_t _R_e_g_i_m_e_s _o_n _C_r_i_m_e _R_a_t_e_s

_D_e_s_c_r_i_p_t_i_o_n:

     Criminologists are interested in the effect of punishment regimes
     on crime rates.  This has been studied using aggregate data on 47
     states of the USA for 1960 given in this data frame.  The
     variables seem to have been re-scaled to convenient numbers.

_U_s_a_g_e:

     UScrime

_F_o_r_m_a_t:

     This data frame contains the following columns:

     '_M' percentage of males aged 14-24.

     '_S_o' indicator variable for a Southern state.

     '_E_d' mean years of schooling.

     '_P_o_1' police expenditure in 1960.

     '_P_o_2' police expenditure in 1959.

     '_L_F' labour force participation rate.

     '_M._F' number of males per 1000 females.

     '_P_o_p' state population.

     '_N_W' number of non-whites per 1000 people.

     '_U_1' unemployment rate of urban males 14-24.

     '_U_2' unemployment rate of urban males 35-39.

     '_G_D_P' gross domestic product per head.

     '_I_n_e_q' income inequality.

     '_P_r_o_b' probability of imprisonment.

     '_T_i_m_e' average time served in state prisons.

     '_y' rate of crimes in a particular category per head of
          population.


_S_o_u_r_c_e:

     Ehrlich, I. (1973) Participation in illegitimate activities: a
     theoretical and empirical investigation. _Journal of Political
     Economy_, *81*, 521-565.

     Vandaele, W. (1978) Participation in illegitimate activities:
     Ehrlich revisited.  In _Deterrence and Incapacitation_, eds A.
     Blumstein, J. Cohen and D. Nagin, pp. 270-335. US National Academy
     of Sciences.

_R_e_f_e_r_e_n_c_e_s:

     Venables, W. N. and Ripley, B. D. (1999) _Modern Applied
     Statistics with S-PLUS._ Third Edition. Springer.