Secondary stress (medium stress -- not the loudest one, but not unstressed either) is indicated with a lowered vertical line at the beginning of the syllable.

E.g.,

The difference between delegate as a verb and as a noun is a good illustration of the difference between secondary stress and absence of stress:

Diphthongs

monophthongs

simple vowels that remain relatively constant for their duration. These are written with single IPA symbols

diphthongs

complex vowels where the tongue begins in one place and moves to another. These are transcribed with two symbols, the first representing the starting point and the second representing the direction of change.

The three diphthongs we have already seen are: [aj], [aw], and [j].

In most dialects of English, the sounds of say and so are also diphthongs. Many people transcribe them as [ej] and [ow]. In western Canada, the sounds in these words are often pronounced as monophthongs, as will be discussed later

In many dialects, even the vowels of mean and moon involve movement of the tongue and are diphthongs. They are often transcribed [ij] and [uw]. It is rare for these words to have diphthongs in the speech of younger western Canadians, so Rogers usually uses only [i] and [u].