These reconstructions are mostly not my own work. I have simply gathered together the reconstructions that have been worked out by Goddard (1967, 1969, 1974, 1979, 2000, 2007, 2015), which I find convincing, and augmented them by filling in the forms that, to my knowledge, Goddard did not explicitly reconstruct (e.g. certain plural forms, certain obviative forms, certain forms that index secondary objects, certain TI Class 2 forms, certain AI consonant-final stem forms, and the full panoply of participle forms). In doing so I have attempted to remain consistent with the logic of the system as reconstructed by Goddard, but, needless to say, it should not be assumed that Goddard would endorse my additions.
Other reconstructions of parts of the Proto-Algonquian inflectional system can be found in Bloomfield 1946, Proulx 1990, and Pentland 1999.
Contents:
Independent indicative
Jump to: II | AI | TI | TA direct | TA inverse | TA local | Relational forms
II independent absolute
| 0s | -wi |
| 0p | -wari ⁓ -oːri |
| 0′s | -(e)riwi |
| 0′p | -(e)riwari |
AI independent absolute
| 1s | ne-… | -(e) |
| 2s | ke-… | -(e) |
| X | Ø-… | -(e)hmi |
| 1p | ne-… | -(e)hmenaː |
| 21 | ke-… | -(e)hmena |
| 2p | ke-… | -(e)hmwaː |
| 3s | -wa | |
| 3p | -waki ⁓ -oːki | |
| 3′s | -(e)riwari | |
| 3′p | -(e)riwahi |
AI independent objective
| + 0s | + 0p | + 3s | + 3p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1s | ne-… | -(e)ni | -(e)nari | -(e)na | -(e)naki |
| 2s | ke-… | -(e)ni | -(e)nari | -(e)na | -(e)naki |
| X | Ø-… | -(e)ni | -(e)nari | -(e)na | -(e)naki |
| 1p | ne-… | -(e)neːnaːni | -(e)neːnaːnari | -(e)neːnaːna | -(e)neːnaːnaki |
| 21 | ke-… | -(e)neːnawi | -(e)neːnawari | -(e)neːnawa | -(e)neːnawaki |
| 2p | ke-… | -(e)neːwaːwi | -(e)neːwaːwari | -(e)neːwaːwa | -(e)neːwaːwaki |
| + 0s | + 0p | + 3′s | + 3′p | ||
| 3s | o-… | -(e)ni | -(e)nari | -(e)nari | -(e)nahi |
| 3p | o-… | -(e)neːwaːwi | -(e)neːwaːwari | -(e)neːwaːwari | -(e)neːwaːwahi |
| 3′ | o-… | -(e)rini | -(e)rinari | -(e)rinari | -(e)rinahi |
TI independent absolute
| Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1s | ne-… | -eː | -oː | -(e) |
| 2s | ke-… | -eː | -oː | -(e) |
| X | Ø-… | -eːhmi | -oːhmi | -(e)hmi |
| 1p | ne-… | -eːhmenaː | -oːhmenaː | -(e)hmenaː |
| 21 | ke-… | -eːhmena | -oːhmena | -(e)hmena |
| 2p | ke-… | -eːhmwaː | -oːhmwaː | -(e)hmwaː |
| 3s | -amwa | -aːwa | -wa | |
| 3p | -amoːki | -aːwaki | -waki ⁓ -oːki | |
| 3′s | -amiriwari | -aːriwari | -(e)riwari | |
| 3′p | -amiriwahi | -aːriwahi | -(e)riwahi |
TI Class 1 independent objective
| + 0s | + 0p | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1s | ne-… | -aːni | -aːnari |
| 2s | ke-… | -aːni | -aːnari |
| 3s | o-… | -aːni | -aːnari |
| X | Ø-… | -aːni | -aːnari |
| 1p | ne-… | -aːneːnaːni | -aːneːnaːnari |
| 21 | ke-… | -aːneːnawi | -aːneːnawari |
| 2p | ke-… | -aːneːwaːwi | -aːneːwaːwari |
| 3p | o-… | -aːneːwaːwi | -aːneːwaːwari |
| 3′ | o-… | -aːrini | -aːrinari |
TI Class 2 independent objective
| + 0s | + 0p | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1s | ne-… | -oːni | -oːnari |
| 2s | ke-… | -oːni | -oːnari |
| 3s | o-… | -oːni | -oːnari |
| X | Ø-… | -oːni | -oːnari |
| 1p | ne-… | -oːneːnaːni | -oːneːnaːnari |
| 21 | ke-… | -oːneːnawi | -oːneːnawari |
| 2p | ke-… | -oːneːwaːwi | -oːneːwaːwari |
| 3p | o-… | -oːneːwaːwi | -oːneːwaːwari |
| 3′ | o-… | -aːrini | -aːrinari |
TI Class 3 independent objective
| + 0s | + 0p | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1s | ne-… | -(e)ni | -(e)nari |
| 2s | ke-… | -(e)ni | -(e)nari |
| 3s | o-… | -(e)ni | -(e)nari |
| X | Ø-… | -(e)ni | -(e)nari |
| 1p | ne-… | -(e)neːnaːni | -(e)neːnaːnari |
| 21 | ke-… | -(e)neːnawi | -(e)neːnawari |
| 2p | ke-… | -(e)neːwaːwi | -(e)neːwaːwari |
| 3p | o-… | -(e)neːwaːwi | -(e)neːwaːwari |
| 3′ | o-… | -(e)rini | -(e)rinari |
TA independent direct absolute
| → 3 | → 3′ | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1s | ne-… | -aː | -emaː |
| 2s | ke-… | -aː | -emaː |
| X | Ø-… | -aːhmi | -emaːhmi |
| 1p | ne-… | -aːhmenaː | -emaːhmenaː |
| 21 | ke-… | -aːhmena | -emaːhmena |
| 2p | ke-… | -aːhmwaː | -emaːhmwaː |
| → 3′ | → 3″ | ||
| 3s | -eːwa | -emeːwa | |
| 3p | -eːwaki | -emeːwaki | |
| 3′s | -eːriwari | ||
| 3′p | -eːriwahi |
TA independent direct primary-objective
| → 3s | → 3p | → 3′s | → 3′p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1s | ne-… | -aːwa | -aːwaki | -emaːwari | -emaːwahi |
| 2s | ke-… | -aːwa | -aːwaki | -emaːwari | -emaːwahi |
| X | Ø-… | -aːwa | -aːwaki | -emaːwari | -emaːwahi |
| 1p | ne-… | -aːwenaːna | -aːwenaːnaki | -emaːwenaːnari | -emaːwenaːnahi |
| 21 | ke-… | -aːwenawa | -aːwenawaki | -emaːwenawari | -emaːwenawahi |
| 2p | ke-… | -aːwaːwa | -aːwaːwaki | -emaːwaːwari | -emaːwaːwahi |
| → 3′s | → 3′p | → 3″s | → 3″p | ||
| 3s | o-… | -aːwari | -aːwahi | -emaːwari | -emaːwahi |
| 3p | o-… | -aːwaːwari | -aːwaːwahi | -emaːwaːwari | -emaːwaːwahi |
TA independent direct secondary-objective
| + 0s | + 0p | + 3′s | + 3′p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1s → 3 | ne-… | -aːni | -aːnari | -aːnari | -aːnahi |
| 2s → 3 | ke-… | -aːni | -aːnari | -aːnari | -aːnahi |
| 3s → 3′ | o-… | -aːni | -aːnari | -aːnari | -aːnahi |
| X → 3 | Ø-… | -aːni | -aːnari | -aːnari | -aːnahi |
| 1p → 3 | ne-… | -aːneːnaːni | -aːneːnaːnari | -aːneːnaːnari | -aːneːnaːnahi |
| 21 → 3 | ke-… | -aːneːnawi | -aːneːnawari | -aːneːnawari | -aːneːnawahi |
| 2p → 3 | ke-… | -aːneːwaːwi | -aːneːwaːwari | -aːneːwaːwari | -aːneːwaːwahi |
| 3p → 3′ | o-… | -aːneːwaːwi | -aːneːwaːwari | -aːneːwaːwari | -aːneːwaːwahi |
| 3′ → 3″ | o-… | -aːrini | -aːrinari | -aːrinari | -aːrinahi |
TA independent inverse absolute
| 0 → | X → | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1s | ne-… | -eko | -ekoː |
| 2s | ke-… | -eko | -ekoː |
| 1p | ne-… | -ekohmenaː | -ekoːhmenaː |
| 21 | ke-… | -ekohmena | -ekoːhmena |
| 2p | ke-… | -ekohmwaː | -ekoːhmwaː |
| 3′/0 → | |||
| 3s | -ekwa | ||
| 3p | -ekoːki | ||
| 3′s | -ekoriwari | ||
| 3′p | -ekoriwahi |
TA independent inverse primary-objective (animate)
| 3s → | 3p → | 3′s → | 3′p → | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1s | ne-… | -ekwa | -ekoːki | -ekoriwari | -ekoriwahi |
| 2s | ke-… | -ekwa | -ekoːki | -ekoriwari | -ekoriwahi |
| 1p | ne-… | -ekonaːna | -ekonaːnaki | -ekonaːnari | -ekonaːnahi |
| 21 | ke-… | -ekonawa | -ekonawaki | -ekonawari | -ekonawahi |
| 2p | ke-… | -ekowaːwa | -ekowaːwaki | -ekowaːwari | -ekowaːwahi |
| 3′s → | 3′p → | ||||
| 3s | o-… | -ekoːri | -ekoːhi | ||
| 3p | o-… | -ekowaːwari | -ekowaːwahi |
TA independent inverse primary-objective (inanimate)
| 0s → | 0p → | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1s | ne-… | -ekoni | -ekonari |
| 2s | ke-… | -ekoni | -ekonari |
| 3s | o-… | -ekoni | -ekonari |
| 1p | ne-… | -ekoneːnaːni | -ekoneːnaːnari |
| 21 | ke-… | -ekoneːnawi | -ekoneːnawari |
| 2p | ke-… | -ekoneːwaːwi | -ekoneːwaːwari |
| 3p | o-… | -ekoneːwaːwi | -ekoneːwaːwari |
| 3′ | o-… | -ekorini | -ekorinari |
TA independent inverse secondary-objective
| + 0s | + 0p | + 3′s | + 3′p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3/0 → 1s | ne-… | -ekoni | -ekonari | -ekonari | -ekonahi |
| 3/0 → 2s | ke-… | -ekoni | -ekonari | -ekonari | -ekonahi |
| 3′/0 → 3s | o-… | -ekoni | -ekonari | -ekonari | -ekonahi |
| 3/0 → 1p | ne-… | -ekoneːnaːni | -ekoneːnaːnari | -ekoneːnaːnari | -ekoneːnaːnahi |
| 3/0 → 21 | ke-… | -ekoneːnawi | -ekoneːnawari | -ekoneːnawari | -ekoneːnawahi |
| 3/0 → 2p | ke-… | -ekoneːwaːwi | -ekoneːwaːwari | -ekoneːwaːwari | -ekoneːwaːwahi |
| 3′/0 → 3p | o-… | -ekoneːwaːwi | -ekoneːwaːwari | -ekoneːwaːwari | -ekoneːwaːwahi |
| 3″/0 → 3′ | o-… | -ekorini | -ekorinari | -ekorinari | -ekorinahi |
TA independent inverse secondary-objective, X actor
| + 0s | + 0p | + 3s | + 3p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| X → 1s | ne-… | -ekoːni | -ekoːnari | -ekoːna | -ekoːnaki |
| X → 2s | ke-… | -ekoːni | -ekoːnari | -ekoːna | -ekoːnaki |
| X → 1p | ne-… | -ekoːneːnaːni | -ekoːneːnaːnari | -ekoːneːnaːna | -ekoːneːnaːnaki |
| X → 21 | ke-… | -ekoːneːnawi | -ekoːneːnawari | -ekoːneːnawa | -ekoːneːnawaki |
| X → 2p | ke-… | -ekoːneːwaːwi | -ekoːneːwaːwari | -ekoːneːwaːwa | -ekoːneːwaːwaki |
TA independent local absolute
| 2 → 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| 2s → 1s | ke-… | -i |
| 2p → 1s | ke-… | -ihmwaː |
| 2 → 1p | ke-… | -ihmenaː |
| 1 → 2 | ||
| 1s → 2 | ke-… | -eθe |
| 1s → 2p | ke-… | -eθehmwaː |
| 1p → 2 | ke-… | -eθehmenaː |
TA independent local secondary-objective
| + 0s | + 0p | + 3s | + 3p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2s → 1s | ke-… | -ini | -inari | -ina | -inaki |
| 2p → 1s | ke-… | -ineːwaːwi | -ineːwaːwari | -ineːwaːwa | -ineːwaːwaki |
| 2 → 1p | ke-… | -ineːnaːni | -ineːnaːnari | -ineːnaːna | -ineːnaːnaki |
| 1s → 2s | ke-… | -eθeni | -eθenari | -eθena | -eθenaki |
| 1s → 2p | ke-… | -eθeneːwaːwi | -eθeneːwaːwari | -eθeneːwaːwa | -eθeneːwaːwaki |
| 1p → 2 | ke-… | -eθeneːnaːni | -eθeneːnaːnari | -eθeneːnaːna | -eθeneːnaːnaki |
AI independent relational absolute
| 1s | ne-… | -(o)waː |
| 2s | ke-… | -(o)waː |
| X | Ø-… | -(o)waːhmi |
| 1p | ne-… | -(o)waːhmenaː |
| 21 | ke-… | -(o)waːhmena |
| 2p | ke-… | -(o)waːhmwaː |
| 3s | -(o)weːwa | |
| 3p | -(o)weːwaki | |
| 3′s | -(o)weːriwari | |
| 3′p | -(o)weːriwahi |
AI independent relational objective
| + 0s | + 0p | + 3s | + 3p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1s | ne-… | -(o)waːni | -(o)waːnari | -(o)waːna | -(o)waːnaki |
| 2s | ke-… | -(o)waːni | -(o)waːnari | -(o)waːna | -(o)waːnaki |
| X | Ø-… | -(o)waːni | -(o)waːnari | -(o)waːna | -(o)waːnaki |
| 1p | ne-… | -(o)waːneːnaːni | -(o)waːneːnaːnari | -(o)waːneːnaːna | -(o)waːneːnaːnaki |
| 21 | ke-… | -(o)waːneːnawi | -(o)waːneːnawari | -(o)waːneːnawa | -(o)waːneːnawaki |
| 2p | ke-… | -(o)waːneːwaːwi | -(o)waːneːwaːwari | -(o)waːneːwaːwa | -(o)waːneːwaːwaki |
| + 0s | + 0p | + 3′s | + 3′p | ||
| 3s | o-… | -(o)waːni | -(o)waːnari | -(o)waːnari | -(o)waːnahi |
| 3p | o-… | -(o)waːneːwaːwi | -(o)waːneːwaːwari | -(o)waːneːwaːwari | -(o)waːneːwaːwahi |
| 3′ | o-… | -(o)waːrini | -(o)waːrinari | -(o)waːrinari | -(o)waːrinahi |
TI Class 1 independent relational absolute
| 1s | ne-… | -amowaː |
| 2s | ke-… | -amowaː |
| X | Ø-… | -amowaːhmi |
| 1p | ne-… | -amowaːhmenaː |
| 21 | ke-… | -amowaːhmena |
| 2p | ke-… | -amowaːhmwaː |
| 3s | -amoweːwa | |
| 3p | -amoweːwaki | |
| 3′s | -amoweːriwari | |
| 3′p | -amoweːriwahi |
TI Class 1 independent relational objective
| + 0s | + 0p | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1s | ne-… | -amowaːni | -amowaːnari |
| 2s | ke-… | -amowaːni | -amowaːnari |
| 3s | o-… | -amowaːni | -amowaːnari |
| X | Ø-… | -amowaːni | -amowaːnari |
| 1p | ne-… | -amowaːneːnaːni | -amowaːneːnaːnari |
| 21 | ke-… | -amowaːneːnawi | -amowaːneːnawari |
| 2p | ke-… | -amowaːneːwaːwi | -amowaːneːwaːwari |
| 3p | o-… | -amowaːneːwaːwi | -amowaːneːwaːwari |
| 3′ | o-… | -amowaːrini | -amowaːrinari |
Conjunct indicative
Jump to: II | AI | TI | TA non-local | TA neutral | Relational forms
II conjunct
| 0 | -ki |
| 0′ | -(e)riki |
AI conjunct
| 1s | -((e)y)aːni |
| 2s | -((e)y)ani |
| 1p | -((e)y)aːnke |
| 21 | -((e)y)ankwe |
| 2p | -((e)y)eːkwe |
| X | -(e)nki |
| 3s | -či ⁓ -(e)ki |
| 3p | -(o)waːči |
| 3′ | -(e)riči |
TI conjunct
| Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1s | -amaːni | -awaːni | -(e)yaːni |
| 2s | -amani | -awani | -(e)yani |
| 1p | -amaːnke | -awaːnke | -(e)yaːnke |
| 21 | -amankwe | -awankwe | -(e)yankwe |
| 2p | -ameːkwe | -aweːkwe | -(e)yeːkwe |
| X | -amenki | -oːnki (?) | -(e)nki |
| 3s | -anki | -aːkwi | -či ⁓ -eki |
| 3p | -amowaːči | -aːwaːči (?) | -(o)waːči |
| 3′ | -amiriči | -aːriči (?) | -(e)riči |
TA conjunct non-local direct
| 3s → 3′ | -aːči |
| 3p → 3′ | -aːwaːči |
| 3′ → 3″ | -aːriči |
TA conjunct non-local inverse
| 3′/0 → 3s | -ekoči |
| 3′/0 → 3p | -ekowaːči |
| 3″/0 → 3′ | -ekoriči |
TA conjunct neutral, 1st-person primary object
| → 1s | → 1p | |
|---|---|---|
| 2s | -iyani | -iyaːnke |
| 2p | -iyeːkwe | -iyaːnke |
| 3s | -iči | -iyamenči |
| 3p | -iwaːči | -iyamentwaːwi |
| 3′ | -iriči | ? |
| 0 | -iki | -iyamenki |
| X | -inki | -inamenki |
TA conjunct neutral, 2nd-person primary object
| → 2s | → 2p | → 21 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1s | -eθaːni | -eθakokwe | N/A |
| 1p | -eθaːnke | -eθaːnke | N/A |
| 3s | -eθki | -eθaːkwe | -eθankwe |
| 3p | -eθkwaːwi | -eθaːkwaːwi | -eθankwaːwi |
| 3′ | -emeθki | ? | ? |
| 0 | -eθki | -eθaːkwe | -eθankwe |
| X | -eθenki | -eθenaːkwe | -eθenankwe |
TA conjunct neutral, 3rd-person primary object
| → 3s | → 3p | → 3′ | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1s | -aki | -akwaːwi | -emaki |
| 2s | -ači | -atwaːwi | -emači |
| 1p | -akenči | -akentwaːwi | -emakenči |
| 21 | -ankwe | -ankwaːwi | -emankwe |
| 2p | -eːkwe | -eːkwaːwi | -emeːkwe |
| X | -enči | -entwaːwi | -emenči |
AI conjunct relational
| 1s | -(o)waki |
| 2s | -(o)wači |
| 1p | -(o)wakenči |
| 21 | -(o)wankwe |
| 2p | -(o)weːkwe |
| X | -(o)wenči |
| 3s | -(o)waːči |
| 3p | -(o)waːwaːči |
| 3′ | -(o)waːriči |
TI Class 1 conjunct relational
| 1s | -amowaki |
| 2s | -amowači |
| 1p | -amowakenči |
| 21 | -amowankwe |
| 2p | -amoweːkwe |
| X | -amowenči |
| 3s | -amowaːči |
| 3p | -amowaːwaːči |
| 3′ | -amowaːriči |
Conjunct indicative participle
Along with the inflectional endings shown here, all participle forms take initial change.
Jump to: II | AI | TI | TA non-local | TA neutral
II participle
| head: inanimate actor or oblique |
|
|---|---|
| 0 | 0s -ki 0p -kiri |
| 0′ | 0′s -(e)riki 0′p -(e)rikiri |
AI participle
| head | |||
| actor | animate sec obj | inanimate sec obj or oblique |
|
| 1s | -((e)y)aːni | 3s -((e)y)aːna 3p -((e)y)aːniki |
0s -((e)y)aːni 0p -((e)y)aːniri |
| 2s | -((e)y)ani | 3s -((e)y)ana 3p -((e)y)aniki |
0s -((e)y)ani 0p -((e)y)aniri |
| 1p | -((e)y)aːnke | 3s -((e)y)aːnka 3p -((e)y)aːnkiki |
0s -((e)y)aːnke 0p -((e)y)aːnkiri |
| 21 | -((e)y)ankwe | 3s -((e)y)ankwa 3p -((e)y)ankwiki |
0s -((e)y)ankwe 0p -((e)y)ankwiri |
| 2p | -((e)y)eːkwe | 3s -((e)y)eːkwa 3p -((e)y)eːkwiki |
0s -((e)y)eːkwe 0p -((e)y)eːkwiri |
| X | N/A | 3s -(e)nka 3p -(e)nkiki |
0s -(e)nki 0p -(e)nkiri |
| 3s | -ta ⁓ -(e)ka | 3′s -čiri ⁓ -(e)kiri 3′p -čihi ⁓ -(e)kihi |
0s -či ⁓ -(e)ki 0p -čiri ⁓ -(e)kiri |
| 3p | -čiki ⁓ -(e)kiki | 3′s -waːčiri 3′p -waːčihi |
0s -waːči 0p -waːčiri |
| 3′ | 3′s -(e)ričiri 3′p -(e)ričihi |
3″s -(e)ričiri 3″p -(e)ričihi | 0s -(e)riči 0p -(e)ričiri |
TI Class 1 participle
| head | ||
| actor | inanimate prim obj or oblique |
|
| 1s | -amaːni | 0s -amaːni 0p -amaːniri |
| 2s | -amani | 0s -amani 0p -amaniri |
| 1p | -amaːnke | 0s -amaːnke 0p -amaːnkiri |
| 21 | -amankwe | 0s -amankwe 0p -amankwiri |
| 2p | -ameːkwe | 0s -ameːkwe 0p -ameːkwiri |
| X | N/A | 0s -amenki 0p -amenkiri |
| 3s | -anka | 0s -anki 0p -ankiri |
| 3p | -ankiki | 0s -amowaːči 0p -amowaːčiri |
| 3′ | 3′s -amiričiri 3′p -amiričihi |
0s -amiriči 0p -amiričiri |
TI Class 2 participle
| head | ||
| actor | inanimate prim obj or oblique |
|
| 1s | -awaːni | 0s -awaːni 0p -awaːniri |
| 2s | -awani | 0s -awani 0p -awaniri |
| 1p | -awaːnke | 0s -awaːnke 0p -awaːnkiri |
| 21 | -awankwe | 0s -awankwe 0p -awankwiri |
| 2p | -aweːkwe | 0s -aweːkwe 0p -aweːkwiri |
| X | N/A | 0s -oːnki 0p -oːnkiri |
| 3s | -aːkwa | 0s -aːkwi 0p -aːkwiri |
| 3p | -aːkwiki | 0s -aːwaːči 0p -aːwaːčiri |
| 3′ | 3′s -aːričiri 3′p -aːričihi |
0s -aːriči 0p -aːričiri |
TI Class 3 participle
| head | ||
| actor | inanimate prim obj or oblique |
|
| 1s | -(y)aːni | 0s -(y)aːni 0p -(y)aːniri |
| 2s | -(y)ani | 0s -(y)ani 0p -(y)aniri |
| 1p | -(y)aːnke | 0s -(y)aːnke 0p -(y)aːnkiri |
| 21 | -(y)ankwe | 0s -(y)ankwe 0p -(y)ankwiri |
| 2p | -(y)eːkwe | 0s -(y)eːkwe 0p -(y)eːkwiri |
| X | N/A | 0s -(e)nki 0p -(e)nkiri |
| 3s | -ta ⁓ -(e)ka | 0s -či ⁓ -(e)ki 0p -čiri ⁓ -(e)kiri |
| 3p | -čiki ⁓ -(e)kiki | 0s -waːči 0p -waːčiri |
| 3′ | 3′s -(e)ričiri 3′p -(e)ričihi |
0s -(e)riči 0p -(e)ričiri |
TA non-local direct participle
| head | |||
| actor | animate prim or sec obj |
inanimate sec obj or oblique |
|
| 3s → 3′ | -aːta | 3′s -aːčiri 3′p -aːčihi |
0s -aːči 0p -aːčiri |
| 3p → 3′ | -aːčiki | 3′s -aːwaːčiri 3′p -aːwaːčihi |
0s -aːwaːči 0p -aːwaːčiri |
| 3′ → 3″ | 3′s -aːričiri 3′p -aːričihi |
3″s -aːričiri 3″p -aːričihi |
0s -aːriči 0p -aːričiri |
TA non-local inverse participle
| head | |||
| prim obj | animate actor or sec obj |
inanimate actor, sec obj, or oblique |
|
| 3′/0 → 3s | -ekota | 3′s -ekočiri 3′p -ekočihi |
0s -ekoči 0p -ekočiri |
| 3′/0 → 3p | -ekočiki | 3′s -ekowaːčiri 3′p -ekowaːčihi |
0s -ekowaːči 0p -ekowaːčiri |
TA neutral participle, 1s primary object
| head | ||||
| actor | prim obj | animate sec obj |
inanimate sec obj or oblique |
|
| 2s → 1s | -iyani | -iyani | 3s -iyana 3p -iyaniki |
0s -iyani 0p -iyaniri |
| 2p → 1s | -iyeːkwe | -iyeːkwe | 3s -iyeːkwa 3p -iyeːkwiki |
0s -iyeːkwe 0p -iyeːkwiri |
| 3s → 1s | -ita | -iči | 3′s -ičiri 3′p -ičihi |
0s -iči 0p -ičiri |
| 3p → 1s | -ičiki | -iwaːči | 3′s -iwaːčiri 3′p -iwaːčihi |
0s -iwaːči 0p -iwaːčiri |
| 3′ → 1s | 3′s -iričiri 3′p -iričihi |
-iriči | 3″s -iričiri 3″p -iričihi |
0s -iriči 0p -iričiri |
| 0 → 1s | 0s -iki 0p -ikiri |
-iki | 3s (N/A?) 3p (N/A?) |
0s -iki 0p -ikiri |
| X → 1s | N/A | -inki | 3s -inka 3p -inkiki |
0s -inki 0p -inkiri |
TA neutral participle, 1p primary object
| head | ||||
| actor | prim obj | animate sec obj |
inanimate sec obj or oblique |
|
| 2 → 1p | -iyaːnke | -iyaːnke | 3s -iyaːnka 3p -iyaːnkiki |
0s -iyaːnke 0p -iyaːnkiri |
| 3s → 1p | -iyamenta | -iyamenči | 3′s -iyamenčiri 3′p -iyamenčihi |
0s -iyamenči 0p -iyamenčiri |
| 3p → 1p | -iyamenčiki | -iyamentwaːwi | 3′s -iyamentwaːwiri 3′p -iyamentwaːwihi |
0s -iyamentwaːwi 0p -iyamentwaːwiri |
| 0 → 1p | 0s -iyamenki 0p -iyamenkiri |
-iyamenki | 3s (N/A?) 3p (N/A?) |
0s -iyamenki 0p -iyamenkiri |
| X → 1p | N/A | -inamenki | 3s -inamenka 3p -inamenkiki |
0s -inamenki 0p -inamenkiri |
TA neutral participle, 2s primary object
| head | ||||
| actor | prim obj | animate sec obj |
inanimate sec obj or oblique |
|
| 1s → 2s | -eθaːni | -eθaːni | 3s -eθaːna 3p -eθaːniki |
0s -eθaːni 0p -eθaːniri |
| 1p → 2s | -eθaːnke | -eθaːnke | 3s -eθaːnka 3p -eθaːnkiki |
0s -eθaːnke 0p -eθaːnkiri |
| 3s → 2s | -eθka | -eθki | 3′s -eθkiri 3′p -eθkihi |
0s -eθki 0p -eθkiri |
| 3p → 2s | -eθkiki | -eθkwaːwi | 3′s -eθkwaːwiri 3′p -eθkwaːwihi |
0s -eθkwaːwi 0p -eθkwaːwiri |
| 3′ → 2s | 3′s -emeθkiri 3′p -emeθkihi |
-emeθki | 3″s -emeθkiri 3″p -emeθkihi |
0s -emeθki 0p -emeθkiri |
| 0 → 2s | 0s -eθki 0p -eθkiri |
-eθki | 3s (N/A?) 3p (N/A?) |
0s -eθki 0p -eθkiri |
| X → 2s | N/A | -eθenki | 3s -eθenka 3p -eθenkiki |
0s -eθenki 0p -eθenkiri |
TA neutral participle, 2p primary object
| head | ||||
| actor | prim obj | animate sec obj |
inanimate sec obj or oblique |
|
| 1s → 2p | -eθakokwe | -eθakokwe | 3s -eθakokwa 3p -eθakokwiki |
0s -eθakokwe 0p -eθakokwiri |
| 1p → 2p | -eθaːnke | -eθaːnke | 3s -eθaːnka 3p -eθaːnkiki |
0s -eθaːnke 0p -eθaːnkiri |
| 3s → 2p | -eθaːkwa | -eθaːkwe | 3′s -eθaːkwiri 3′p -eθaːkwihi |
0s -eθaːkwe 0p -eθaːkwiri |
| 3p → 2p | -eθaːkwiki | -eθaːkwaːwi | 3′s -eθaːkwaːwiri 3′p -eθaːkwaːwihi |
0s -eθaːkwaːwe 0p -eθaːkwaːwiri |
| 0 → 2p | 0s -eθaːkwe 0p -eθaːkwiri |
-eθaːkwe | 3s (N/A?) 3p (N/A?) |
0s -eθaːkwe 0p -eθaːkwiri |
| X → 2p | N/A | -eθenaːkwe | 3s -eθenaːkwa 3p -eθenaːkwiki |
0s -eθenaːkwe 0p -eθenaːkwiri |
TA neutral participle, 21 primary object
| head | ||||
| actor | prim obj | animate sec obj |
inanimate sec obj or oblique |
|
| 3s → 21 | -eθankwa | -eθankwe | 3′s -eθankwiri 3′p -eθankwihi |
0s -eθankwe 0p -eθankwiri |
| 3p → 21 | -eθankwiki | -eθankwaːwi | 3′s -eθankwaːwiri 3′p -eθankwaːwihi |
0s -eθankwaːwe 0p -eθankwaːwiri |
| 0 → 21 | 0s -eθankwe 0p -eθankwiri |
-eθankwe | 3s (N/A?) 3p (N/A?) |
0s -eθankwe 0p -eθankwiri |
| X → 21 | N/A | -eθenankwe | 3s -eθenankwa 3p -eθenankwiki |
0s -eθenankwe 0p -eθenankwiri |
TA neutral participle, 3s primary object
| head | ||||
| actor | prim obj | animate sec obj |
inanimate sec obj or oblique |
|
| 1s → 3s | -aki | -aka | 3′s -akiri 3′p -akihi |
0s -aki 0p -akiri |
| 2s → 3s | -ači | -ata | 3′s -ačiri 3′p -ačihi |
0s -ači 0p -ačiri |
| 1p → 3s | -akenči | -akenta | 3′s -akenčiri 3′p -akenčihi |
0s -akenči 0p -akenčiri |
| 21 → 3s | -ankwe | -ankwa | 3′s -ankwiri 3′p -ankwihi |
0s -ankwe 0p -ankwiri |
| 2p → 3s | -eːkwe | -eːkwa | 3′s -eːkwiri 3′p -eːkwihi |
0s -eːkwe 0p -eːkwiri |
| X → 3s | N/A | -enta | 3′s -enčiri 3′p -enčihi |
0s -enči 0p -enčiri |
TA neutral participle, 3p primary object
| head | ||||
| actor | prim obj | animate sec obj | inanimate sec obj or oblique |
|
| 1s → 3p | -akwaːwi | -akiki | 3′s -akwaːwiri 3′p -akwaːwihi |
0s -akwaːwi 0p -akwaːwiri |
| 2s → 3p | -atwaːwi | -ačiki | 3′s -atwaːwiri 3′p -atwaːwihi |
0s -atwaːwi 0p -atwaːwiri |
| 1p → 3p | -akentwaːwi | -akenčiki | 3′s -akentwaːwiri 3′p -akentwaːwihi |
0s -akentwaːwi 0p -akentwaːwiri |
| 21 → 3p | -ankwaːwi | -ankwiki | 3′s -ankwaːwiri 3′p -ankwaːwihi |
0s -ankwaːwi 0p -ankwaːwiri |
| 2p → 3p | -eːkwaːwi | -eːkwiki | 3′s -eːkwaːwiri 3′p -eːkwaːwihi |
0s -eːkwaːwi 0p -eːkwaːwiri |
| X → 3p | N/A | -enčiki | 3′s -entwaːwiri 3′p -entwaːwihi |
0s -entwaːwi 0p -entwaːwiri |
TA neutral participle, 3′ primary object
| head | |||
| actor | prim obj or animate sec obj |
inanimate sec obj or oblique |
|
| 1s → 3′ | -emaki | 3′s -emakiri 3′p -emakihi |
0s -emaki 0p -emakiri |
| 2s → 3′ | -emači | 3′s -emačiri 3′p -emačihi |
0s -emači 0p -emačiri |
| 1p → 3′ | -emakenči | 3′s -emakenčiri 3′p -emakenčihi |
0s -emakenči 0p -emakenčiri |
| 21 → 3′ | -emankwe | 3′s -emankwiri 3′p -emankwihi |
0s -emankwe 0p -emankwiri |
| 2p → 3′ | -emeːkwe | 3′s -emeːkwiri 3′p -emeːkwihi |
0s -emeːkwe 0p -emeːkwiri |
| X → 3′ | N/A | 3′s -emenčiri 3′p -emenčihi |
0s -emenči 0p -emenčiri |
Imperative
AI imperative
| 2s | -ro |
| 2p | -(o)ko |
TI imperative
| Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2s | -anro | -oːro (?) | -ro |
| 2p | -amoko | -oːko (?) | -(o)ko |
TA imperative, 1st-person object
| 2s → 1s | -iro |
| 2p → 1s | -iko |
| 2 → 1p | -inaːme |
TA imperative, 3rd-person object
| 2s → 3 | -i |
| 2p → 3 | -ehko |
Imperatives with an inclusive first-person plural subject ("21"), also known as hortatives, show divergent inflectional forms across the family and it is unclear what should be reconstructed for Proto-Algonquian.