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TUTORIAL: MULTIPLE ALIGNMENTS


  May 28, 2021

CD-HIT Web site: https://github.com/weizhongli/cdhit/wiki
CD-Hit User's guide: $doc/cd-hit/cdhit-user-guide.pdf

CLUSTAL Omega Web site: http://www.clustal.org/omega/
CLUSTAL Omega User's Guide: $doc/clustal/README.txt
CLUSTAL Omega Manual Page: $doc/clustal/clustalo.man

MAFFT documentation
:
MAFFT Web Site - http://mafft.cbrc.jp/alignment/software
Manual - $doc/mafft/Manpage_of_MAFFT.html
Paper - Katoh K, Standley DM (2013) MAFFT Multiple Sequence Alignment Software Version 7: Improvements in Performance and Usability. Mol. Biol. Evol. 30:772-780 doi: 10.1093/molbev/mst010

Mikita Suyama, David Torrents, and Peer Bork (2006) PAL2NAL: robust conversion of protein sequence alignment into  the corresponding codon alignments. Nucleic Acids Res. 34:W609-W612. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkl315


Example: Plant Defensins

In the previous tutorial, Creating datasets of related sequences,  a dataset of protein coding sequences (CDS) for plant defensins were extracted and saved to defensin.CDS.fsa. Following this, the amino acid sequences were found selecting all the CDS from defensin.CDS.fsa  and by running DNARNA --> Ribosome.  The result was saved as defensin.pro.fsa.
 
Warning! Most multiple alignment programs will align either DNA or amino acid sequences. However, it's important to know that unless nucleic acid sequences are very closely-related, with few gaps (eg. tRNA, rRNA genes), a reliable multiple alignment (or for that matter, even a pairwise alignment) is almost impossible. The reason is that nucleic acids use a 4-letter alphabet, allowing many equally good alignments to form a set of sequences. In contrast, the 20-letter amino acid alphabet drastically decreases the number of possible alignments, so that an obvious 'correct' alignment is usually possible to find.

1. Eliminate redundant sequences from the dataset

It is preferable to eliminate redundant sequences before doing multiple alignments. Most importantly, redundant sequences appear in datasets simply because the same gene appears in more than one GenBank entry. For example, a gene a single locus might be cloned as a cDNA, a genomic clone, and might also appear in BAC clones containing many genes. Redundant sequences would therefore bias the alignment toward a single locus.

As well, reducing redundancy makes the dataset smaller, which means that alignment will be faster. As well, a smaller dataset is easier to analyze.

Launch blprotein and run File--> Open to read in defensin.pro.fsa.
 
Select all amino acid sequences and open the Alignment menu, which shows programs related to multiple sequence alignment

Choose cd-hit. Set -c sequence identity threshold to 1.0. This setting will eliminate all but 1 copy of a sequence if there are duplicates with 100% identity. Setting a lower threshold would eliminate highly similar sequences (eg. 90% identity), but retain sequences with lower similarities.



Run cd-hit.


There are several things to note in the report.

# comparing sequences from          0  to         81
---------- new table with       60 representatives

       81  finished         60  clusters


This indicates that of 81 sequences in the dataset, 60 clusters were found with 1 or more members. Using an identity threshold of 1.0, all sequences in a cluster must be 100% identical


>Cluster 21
0    80aa, >AP006168:CDS20... *
1    80aa, >MF580139:CDS1... at 100.00%
>Cluster 22
0    80aa, >HG792392:CDS1... *
1    80aa, >JF797205:CDS1... at 100.00%
2    80aa, >EF200066:CDS1... at 100.00%
>Cluster 23
0    80aa, >EU952901:CDS1... *
>Cluster 24
0    80aa, >EU958628:CDS1... *
1    80aa, >EU957417:CDS1... at 100.00%
2    80aa, >EU958657:CDS1... at 100.00%
3    80aa, >EU961911:CDS1... at 100.00%

Output for four of the clusters are shown. For example, cluster 21 contains two sequences. AP006168:CDS20 was retained, and MF580139:CDS1 was deleted.
Similarly for Cluster 22, HG792392:CDS1 was retained while the other two were deleted.

Save the sequences from cd-hit in defensin.pro.cdhit.fsa, and the report in defensin.pro.cdhit.txt.

2. Clustal Omega - Global multiple alignment by clustering

Clustal Omega is the most recent of the clustal programs, superseding clustal, clustalw and tcoffee.

Select the non-redundant sequences resulting from CD-HIT, and choose Alignment --> Clustal Omega.

Clustal sends the alignment to a new blpalign window.

Choose File --> Save ALL As and save the protein alignment as defensin.pro.cdhit.clustalo.fsa


Warning!: Do not use guide trees generated by clustal or other multiple alignment programs for any purpose eg. phylogenetic analysis of sequence or species evolution.  These trees are based on pairwise alignments, and therefore do not contain the evolutionary information found in the gaps that are present in the completed alignment. Once you have an alignment, you can then go back and construct a phylogenetic tree.


Alignments teach us a lot about the nature of proteins. For example, let's change the coloring scheme to show hydrophobicity.

Choose Edit --> Select All, and then Edit --> Get Info. Change the Colour mast to protein_hydrophobicity.

(Note: If the colors don't change, either resize the BioLegato window or scroll a bit using one of the scroll bars. This forces BioLegato to redraw the sequence canvas.)




We can see that the N-terminus is largely hydrophobic (red), whild the C-terminus is predominantly hydrophilic (blue).

3. MAFFT - Multiple Alignment by Fast Fourier Transformation

MAFFT is a program that implements a wide variety of alignment strategies.

One of the unique things to note about MAFFT is that it will automatically choose the best algorithm for alignment, based on the number of input sequences, unless a method is specified. The methods cover most of the situations typically encountered in multiple alignments.

Because the type of problem will vary is is best to consult the MAFFT Algorithms page to see which algorithm best applies to your specific dataset. For relatively small numbers of sequences (eg. < 200 sequence) methods such as E-INS-i, L-INS-i and GINS-i construct a guide tree based on pairwise distances and then traverse the tree until all sequences have been added, similar to Clustal Omega.The faster FFT--NS-1 and FFT-NS-2 estimate pairwise sequence distances based on frequencies of 6-mer oligonucleotides or oligopeptides shared between each pair of sequences. Methods also vary depending on whether or not they refine the initial alignment by iteratively aligning subsets of aligned sequences, and by whether they recalculate the guide tree based on the first alignment,  and then repeat the alignment. Obviously, for short numbers of sequences, the slower more accurate methods are preferred.

To launch MAFFT, choose Alignment --> MAFFT.  Output is sent directly to blpalign. Try comparing the output using the FFT-NS-2 and FFT-NS-i, which essentially compares a fast progressive method with a slower iterative method.

FFT-NS-2

Output: defensin.pro.cdhit.maaft_fftns2.fsa


FFT-NS-i

Output: defensin.pro.cdhit.maaft_fftnsi.fsa

In this trivial example, the alignments are done almost instantly, and are almost identical. Not all sequences are shown. However, because sequences are grouped by similarity, we can see that there are two subfamilies of defensin. The top group, for example, has two lysines (K) at positions 3 and 4 in the alignment, while the bottom group has two arginines (R) at homologous sites. Since both are positively charged amino acids, this would be a conservative replacement.

Multiple protein alignments can teach us a lot about protein families. One powerful tool for visualizing alignments is the sequence logo. Since the two MAAFT alignments are essentially the same, we will use the FFT-NS-i alignment as an example. Select all sequences, and choose Patterns --> Weblogo.

Weblogo has many options for presentation of the logo.

For now, we'll just add a title to the Logo title box. Note that one quirk of Weblogo is that it doesn't allow blank spaces in titles. To separate words, simply use an underscore (_) wherever a blank would normally be used. The title here is "Plant_Defensins"


Weblogo plots information content of each position in the alignment in bits of information. The information content can be thought of as a deviation from randomness. A high bit score would be a highly unlikely outcome, typically occurring where specific amino acids are conserved. A low bit score would mean closer to a random distribution of amino acids at a position, typically at less conserved positions.

Note that we can see fairly high bit scores at the K/R positions mentioned earlier. The heights of the letters indicate the relative frequencies of each amino acid, at that position in the alignment.


The most striking feature brought out in the sequence logo is that nearly all Cysteines are conserved in all defensin proteins. Since many aspects of protein secondary structure are determined by disulfide bridges between two Cys residues, this may indicate that defensins have a highly conserved secondary structure.

4. pal2nal.pl - Alignment of DNA sequences, using protein alignment information

As mentioned previously, alignments using DNA sequences are unreliable. However, there is a very good reason to want aligned DNA sequences, rather than proteins. Due to the degeneracy of the genetic code, mutations at the DNA level often do not result in amino acid substitutions. These so-called silent mutations contain a great deal of additional evolutionary information that is lost in amino acid sequences. Consequently, it would be better to do phylogenetic analysis on DNA alignments, if such alignments could be done reliably

pal2nal.pl by Mikita Suyama aligns DNA sequences using the corresponding amino acid alignment as a guide. Thus, if you have aligned a set of amino acid sequences, it is straightforward to generate the corresponding DNA alignment. pal2nal.pl requires two files for input, in FASTA format: a file containing the unaligned DNA coding sequences, and the second file containing the corresponding amino acid sequences, aligned by a program such as Clustal Omega or MAFFT. When we run pal2nal.pl from blpalign, blpalign will automatically generate a protein alignment file from the proteins selected. Thus, all the user needs to do is to select a file containing the corresponding DNA CDS sequences, unaligned. The following example illustrates this process.
 
Notes: 
1) pal2nal.pl needs the DNA and aligned amino acid sequences to have the same names. During the extraction process, during translation, the names may be modified, so it may be necessary to change names in 'File --> Get Info', before you export to a .fsa file
2) Where two or more copies of a gene are present in a single entry (eg. CAGTHIOGN:CDS1 and CAGTHIOGN:CDS2), it is necessary to give them each unique names so that pal2nal.pl can distinguish them. Since the CDS extensions will be removed when pal2nal.pl is run, one solution is to delete CDS but retain the number (eg CAGTHIOGN_1 and CAGTHIOGN_2).

The current BioLegato instances implementation of Clustal Omega and MAAFT usually handle these steps automatically. Nonetheless, if you are having problems with mrtrans, make sure that the names of sequences are the same for both protein and nucleic acid sequences.
3) Before running pal2nal.pl, blpalign compares the list of sequence names in the protein alignment with the names in the DNA file. Only dna sequences with a corresponding protein in the alignment will be used as input for pal2nal.pl. This is useful, because it means that different subsets of the aligned sequences could be aligned by pal2nal.pl, using a single unaligned DNA file.

Using the MAAFT FFT-NS-i alignment as an example,  choose Edit --> Select All.


To run pal2nal.pl, choose Alignment --> pal2nal, and choose the DNA filename.



The aligned DNA sequences appear in a new blnalign window:

 
Again we see the two subfamilies of defensins, with codons aligned to the corresponding amino acids in the protein alignment. This alignment could be used directly for phylogenetic analysis.

5. Manual refinement of multiple alignments.

Multiple alignment programs aren't perfect, and are not guaranteed to create the optimal alignment.  As well, they cannot utilize knowledge other than sequence data. Therefore, it's always a good idea to inspect a multiple alignment, and edit the alignment before using it in a phylogeny. One common artifact that often occurs is the creation of gaps which span all sequences. Such gap positions are meaningless, and should be edited out. Knowledge of protein domain structure, or other biological knowledge, may also suggest modifications that should be made to an alignment.

Alignments can be edited directly in blpalign or blnalign. By default, only gaps can be edited out, although it is possible to delete amino acids or nucleotides if protections are changed (Edit --> GetInfo).

Shifting gaps for a group of sequences in an alignment could potentially improve the alignment.

The T's highlighted in blue could just as legitimately line up with T's in the sequences above. In other words, it might be just as good an alignment if the GTT-- motif was changed to G--TT. As long as the number of gaps is conserved, the alignment could easily be revised.


We can move the block over as follows.

First select all of the sequences in the block by name. Click on the topmost sequence in the block, MF289365, hold the shift key, and click on EU958634. We can make these sequences function as a group by choosing Edit --> Group. The blpalign window will now look like this:



The sequences that we have selected all have a '1' at the left of the name field. This indicates that they are all members of a group labeled 1. Any edit done on any sequence in the group will now take effect on all sequences in the group.

First, insert two gap characters (--) in any sequence in group 1  to shift these amino acids to line up TT with the other occurrences of TT. 

You will notice that insertion of the gaps puts the rest of the sequences downstream of the insertion out of alignment.





To restore the alignment, use the Backspace or Delete key to remove the two gaps to the right of the TTs.

You can now see the amino acid motifs KV-AEA... lining up with the rest of the sequences.


See the online Help in BioLegato for a more in depth  description of how to edit alignments.

6. Displaying and printing multiple alignments

a) REFORM - Textual display

In many cases you need an alignment displayed as editable text. This might be true if you wanted to be able to import the alignment into a word-processor or HTML editor for further modification, such as coloring or underlining certain characters. 

As an example, we'll print out just the sequences in group 1 from the previous section. Choose Alignment --> REFORM.



By default, the output will print a consensus sequence at top, and only show in the alignment those amino acids that differ from the consensus.


10 20 30 40 50 60 70
--MAxSRR--ma--ApvlvL-l-l-lLV-ATElG--TTKV-AEARHCLSQSHRFKGlCmsSnNCANvCqT
MF289365:C....f.....v....sa.l.....v.......m.......................p.vr.g......k.
MF289364:C....f.....v....sa.l.....v.......m.......................p.vr.g......k.
MG970570:C....l.....v....sa.l.....v.......m.......................p.vr.g......k.
AP006168:C....p......v...safl....a.i......m.......................m.v.........r.
HG792392:C....p................m................................................
LN650980:C....p.............................................................a...
EU952901:C....l.................................................................
EU958628:C....l................m................................................
EU958634:C....l................m................................................

80 90
-EnFPgGECkaeGatRKCFCKkiC
MF289365:C.....d...qtq.le......rv.
MF289364:C.....d...qtq.lq......rv.
MG970570:C.....d...qtq.le......rv.
AP006168:C..s..d....sh.le.......v.
HG792392:C........................
LN650980:C........................
EU952901:C........................
EU958628:C........................
EU958634:C.........r..............

 

Various features of the output can be changed in the REFORM menu For example, to print ALL amino acids at every position, set Print conserved sites in alignment as dots to No.

10 20 30 40 50 60 70
--MAxSRR--ma--ApvlvL-l-l-lLV-ATElG--TTKV-AEARHCLSQSHRFKGlCmsSnNCANvCqT
MF289365:C--mafsrr--va--asalll-l-lvllv-atemg--ttkv-aearhclsqshrfkgpcvrsgncanvckt
MF289364:C--mafsrr--va--asalll-l-lvllv-atemg--ttkv-aearhclsqshrfkgpcvrsgncanvckt
MG970570:C--malsrr--va--asalll-l-lvllv-atemg--ttkv-aearhclsqshrfkgpcvrsgncanvckt
AP006168:C--mapsrr--mv--asafll-l-a-ilv-atemg--ttkv-aearhclsqshrfkgmcvssnncanvcrt
HG792392:C--mapsrr--ma--apvlvl-m-l-llv-atelg--ttkv-aearhclsqshrfkglcmssnncanvcqt
LN650980:C--mapsrr--ma--apvlvl-l-l-llv-atelg--ttkv-aearhclsqshrfkglcmssnncanacqt
EU952901:C--malsrr--ma--apvlvl-l-l-llv-atelg--ttkv-aearhclsqshrfkglcmssnncanvcqt
EU958628:C--malsrr--ma--apvlvl-m-l-llv-atelg--ttkv-aearhclsqshrfkglcmssnncanvcqt
EU958634:C--malsrr--ma--apvlvl-m-l-llv-atelg--ttkv-aearhclsqshrfkglcmssnncanvcqt

80 90
-EnFPgGECkaeGatRKCFCKkiC
MF289365:C-enfpdgecqtqglerkcfckrvc
MF289364:C-enfpdgecqtqglqrkcfckrvc
MG970570:C-enfpdgecqtqglerkcfckrvc
AP006168:C-esfpdgeckshglerkcfckkvc
HG792392:C-enfpggeckaegatrkcfckkic
LN650980:C-enfpggeckaegatrkcfckkic
EU952901:C-enfpggeckaegatrkcfckkic
EU958628:C-enfpggeckaegatrkcfckkic
EU958634:C-enfpggecraegatrkcfckkic


 

b) JALVIEW - Graphic display and alignment

Jalview is a feature-rich sequence alignment analysis system. It can be launched by selecting an alignment in blnalign or blpalign, and choosing 'Alignment --> Jalview'.  (Note: since Jalview also performs multiple alignments, bldna and blprotein also have options to launch Jalview).


The alignment above is shown using one of several color schemes available. The Blosum62 color scheme shows conservation, as measured by Blosum62 matrix scores at each position.

The alignment can be written in paginated form, suitable for printing, by saving in a variety of formats.

Jalview can also do complete alignments from unaligned sequences. For a full description of the capabilities of Jalview, see http://www.jalview.org/help.html.