Contents

In the original publication, major headings are titled (e.g. “3-15. Sounds”) but individual sections are not. Section titles have been added here for convenience.

• Preliminaries
  • 1. List of languages
  • 2. Basis of reconstructions
• 3-15. Sounds
  • 3. Vowels
  • 4. Semivowels
  • 5. Contraction of semivowel-vowel sequences
  • 6. Consonants
  • 7. Consonant clusters
  • 8. Clusters with second member p
  • 9. Clusters with second member t
  • 10. Clusters with second member k
  • 11. Clusters with second member č
  • 12. Clusters with second member s
  • 13. Clusters with second member š
  • 14. Clusters with second member θ
  • 15. Clusters with second member l
• 16-24. Internal combination
  • 16. Connective -i-
  • 17. Irregular absence of connective -i-
  • 18. Contraction of semivowel-vowel sequences
  • 19. Irregular contraction of awe
  • 20. Palatalization of t and θ
  • 21. Irregular t/s alternation
  • 22. Deletion of short vowels in vowel sequences
  • 23. Insertion of y in vowel sequences
  • 24. Shortening of final vowels
• 25. The word
  • 25. Word-level phonotactics
• 26-29. Inflection
  • 26. Inflectional categories
  • 27. Noun inflection, verb classes
  • 28. Inflectional prefixes
  • 29. Inflectional suffixes common to noun and verb
• 30-32. Inflection of the noun
  • 30. Vocative and possessed forms
  • 31. Irregularities in possessed forms
  • 32. Dependent nouns
• 33. Inflection of the verb
  • 33. Orders and modes
• 34-42. Independent order
  • 34. AI independent indicative inflection
  • 35. II independent indicative inflection
  • 36. TA independent indicative inflection (overview)
  • 37. TA independent indicative inflection (direct)
  • 38. TA independent indicative inflection (inverse)
  • 39. TA independent indicative inflection (2-on-1)
  • 40. TA independent indicative inflection (1-on-2)
  • 41. TI independent indicative inflection
  • 42. Other modes of the independent order
• 43. Imperative order
  • 43. Imperative inflection
• 44. Prohibitive order
  • 44. Prohibitive inflection
• 45-49. Conjunct order
  • 45. Modes of the conjunct order
  • 46. AI conjunct inflection
  • 47. II conjunct inflection
  • 48. TA conjunct inflection
  • 49. TI conjunct inflection
• 50. Interrogative order
  • 50. Interrogative inflection
• 51. Word formation
  • 51. Definitions: composition and derivation
• 52-54. Composition
  • 52. Preverbs
  • 53. Noun-noun compounds, prenouns
  • 54. Particle-noun compounds
• 55-58. Derivation
  • 55. Abstract and concrete finals, medials
  • 56. Deverbal concrete finals and medials
  • 57. Accretive elements
  • 58. Stem modification in secondary derivation
• 59-65. Noun finals
  • 59. Simple primary nouns
  • 60. Derived primary nouns
  • 61. Agent and undergoer nouns
  • 62. Action, product, and instrument nouns
  • 63. Diminutives
  • 64. Concrete noun finals
  • 65. Derived concrete noun finals
• 66-73. Intransitive verb finals, secondary
  • 66. AI/II pairs
  • 67. Verbs of being
  • 68. Verbs of possession
  • 69. Verbs of gathering and producing
  • 70. Verbs of action on indefinite inanimates
  • 71. Verbs of action on indefinite animates
  • 72. Verbs of reciprocal action
  • 73. Reflexive verbs, middle reflexives
• 74-78. Intransitive verb finals, primary
  • 74. Final vowels
  • 75. Other abstract finals
  • 76. Concrete finals (complex)
  • 77. Concrete finals (simple)
  • 78. Derived finals
• 79-87. Transitive finals
  • 79. TA/TI pairs
  • 80. TA -h / TI -htoo
  • 81. TA -θ / TI -t
  • 82. TA -m ‘by speech, by thought’
  • 83. TA/TI -en 'by hand'
  • 84. TA/TI pairs where TA adds -w
  • 85. TA/TI pairs where TA adds -aw
  • 86. Double-goal TA verbs with -amaw
  • 87. Common but isolated verbs
• 88, 89. Pronouns
  • 88. Personal pronouns
  • 89. Demonstrative, indefinite, interrogative pronouns
• 90-93. Particle finals
  • 90. Limited correspondence of particles
  • 91. Particle final -i, numerals
  • 92. Locative particle final -enki
  • 93. Root+medial+e particles
• 94-100. Medial suffixes
  • 94. Distribution of medials
  • 95. Common medials
  • 96. Medials with variable form
  • 97. Postmedial accretions
  • 98. Derived medials
  • 99. Medials and dependent noun stems
  • 100. Pseudo-roots
• 101-107. Roots
  • 101. Noun roots and general roots, examples
  • 102. Relative roots
  • 103. Derived roots
  • 104. Roots with postradical extensions
  • 105. Extended roots and stems
  • 106. Reduplicated roots
  • 107. Suppletive use of reduplicated roots for plurals
• Footnotes