|
|
allele
An alternative form of a gene.
Covered in BIOL1020
Lab 7 Genetics
anabolism
Metabolic reactions that require energy and result in the biosynthesis of needed
compounds. An example of this is photosynthesis, in which solar energy is incorporated
into complex compounds such as glucose and its derivatives.
Covered in Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 4 Cell Energetics
I
anther
The terminal pollen sac of a stamen, inside which pollen grains with male gametes
form in the flower of an angiosperm.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 6 Mitosis & Meiosis
ATP (Adenosine Tri-Phosphate)
A molecule consisting
of adenosine (adenine plus a ribose sugar) and three phosphate groups. The last
two phosphates are joined by high energy bonds which provide energy used in
chemical reactions such as respiration and glycolysis. In plants, ATP is formed
in the chlorplasts during photosynthesis.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 4 Cellular Energetics
I
autotrophs
An organism able to build all the complex organic molecules that it requires
as its own food source, using only simple inorganic compounds. Plants, and some
bacteria are autotrophs.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 4 Cellular Energetics
I
B
binary
fission
the type of cell divisions by which prokaryotes reproduce; each dividing daughter
cell receives a copy of the single parental chromosome.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 6 Mitosis and Meiosis
budding
A method of asexual reproduction common in some lower animal groups in which
part of the body wall bulges outward and eventually forms a new individual,
which becomes detached from the parent. Budding can also occur in single-celled
organisms such as yeast.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 4 Cellular Energetics
I
carbohydrate
A family of organic molecules with the general formula (CH20)x,
ranging from simple sugars, such as glucose and fructose, to complex molecules,
such as starch and cellulose.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 2 Biological Molecules
& BIOL 1020 Lab 4 Cellular Energetics
catabolism
A type of metabolism in which biochemical processes taking place in a cell result
in the breaking down of complex compounds into simpler ones to release energy.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 4 Cellular Energetics
I
cell
membrane
the outer boundary of cells, the structure of which is visible only under the
electron microscope.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 3 Cells
cellulose
A type of unbranched polysaccharide carbohydrate that is composed of glucose
sugars.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 2 Biological
Molecules
cell
vacuole
a membrane-bound sac that is found in many cells, normally acting as a storage
organ of various types. A large central vacuole is a particular feature of many
plant cells, where it can occupy 80-90% of the total cell volume.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 3 Cells
cell
wall
Unique to plant cells, a wall formed of cellulose fibers embedded in a polysaccharide-protein
matrix. The primary cell wall is thin and flexible, whereas the secondary cell
wall is stronger and more rigid and the primary constituent of wood.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 3 Cells
cellular
respiration
the most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway for the production of ATP,
in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 4 Cellular Energetics
I
centriole
One of two structures in the center of animal cells, composed of cylinders of
nine triplet microtubules in a ring. Centrioles help organize microtubule assembly
during cell division.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 6 Mitosis & Meiosis
centromere
The centralized region joining two sister chromatids.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 6 Mitosis &
Meiosis
chloroplast
A subcellular organelle which contains chlorophyll and enzymes necessary to
perform photosynthesis. Has an inner and outer membrane, as well as a third
membrane bound sac, the thylakoid. Stacks of thylakoids are called grana, where
the Light Reaction occurs. The cytoplasm of the chlorplast is called the stroma,
and the Light Independant Reaction (carbon fixation) occurs here.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 5 Cellular Energetics
II
chromatid
One of a pair of duplicated chromosomes produced during the S phase of the cell
cycle, which are joined together at the centromere.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 6 Mitosis & Meiosis
chromatin
the aggregate mass of dispersed genetic material formed of DNA and protein and
observed between periods of cell division in eukaryotic cells.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 6 Mitosis &
Meiosis
chromosome
a long, threadlike association of genes in the nucleus of all eukaryotic cells
and most visible during mitosis and meiosis. Chromosomes consist of DNA and
protein.
cilium
(plural, cilia)
A short cellular appendage specialized for locomotion.
clone
A lineage of genetically identical individuals.
coarse
adjustment knob
knob located on the arm of a microscope used to obtain an approximate focus.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 1 Introduction to the
Laboratory
condenser
concentrates light from the illuminator below.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 1 Introduction to the
Laboratory
contractile vacuole
An organelle that pumps excess water out of many freshwater protist cells.
crista (plural, cristae)
An infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electron
transport chain and the enzymes catalyzing the synthesis of ATP.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 3 Cells
crossing over
the reciprocal exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids during
synapsis of meiosis I.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 6 Mitosis & Meiosis
cytokinesis
the division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately
after mitosis.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 6 Mitosis & Meiosis
cytoplasm
the entire contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus, and bounded by the
plasma membrane.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 3 Cells
diffusion
The natural effect of a solute moving from an area of higher concentration to
an area of lower concentration.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 3 Cells
diploid
Refers to a cell nucleus containing two of each type of chromosome. Refers to
an organism in the main life stage having cell nuclei having two of each type
of chromosome, written as 2N.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 6 Mitosis & Meiosis
double
stranded
two adjacent strands. For example DNA has two adjacent polynucleotide strands
wound into a spiral shape.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 6 Mitosis & Meiosis
E
ectotherm
An animal, such as a reptile, fish, or amphibian, that must use environmental
energy and behavioral adaptations to regulate its body temperature.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 4 Cellular Energetics
I
endoplasmic
reticulum
a series of interconnected, flattened cavities lined with a membrane about 4
nm thick, which is continuous with the nuclear membrane.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 3 Cells
endotherm
An animal that uses metabolic energy to maintain a constant body temperature,
such as a bird or mammal.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 4 Cellular Energetics
I
energy of activation
The energy required to initiate a (bio)chemical reaction.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 2 Biological Molecules
enzyme
Enzymes are an important class of proteins that control the chemical reactions
that keep the cell alive. They act as catalysts, reducing the
energy of activation for a reaction, thereby allowing chemical reactions that
would not occur in their absence or speeding up reactions that would normally
be very slow.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 2 Biological Molecules
eukaryotes
Any member of a group of organisms that contains all plants and animals apart
form bacteria and blue-green algae. Their cells possess a membrane-bound nucleus
containing the genetic material.
F
fat
(triacylglycerol)
A biological compound consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol
molecule.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 2 Biological
Molecules
fermentation
A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without
an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end-product,
such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 4 Cellular Energetics
I
fine
adjustment knob
Used for minor adjustments in the focal length of a slide at high magnifications.
Covered in BIOL1020
Lab 1 Introduction to the Laboratory
flagellum (pl. flagella)
A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion, ensheathed in an extension
of plasma membrane.
focal
length (working distance)
the distance from the object at which the objective lens is in focus.
Covered in BIOL1020
Lab 1 Introduction to the Laboratory
fructose
a simple carbohydrate (monosaccharide) that is a structural isomer of glucose
and considered to be an atypical ketose.
G
gametes
Haploid egg or sperm cells that unite during sexual reproduction to produce
a diploid zygote.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 6 Mitosis & Meiosis
gametogenesis
The process where haploid gametes are produced from diploid cells via meiosis.
In animals the two processes are spermatogenesis
and oogenesis.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 6 Mitosis &
Meiosis
gene
one of many discrete units of hereditary information located on the chromosomes
and consisting of DNA.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 7 Genetics
glucose
(C6H12O6) An important monosaccharide (simple
carbohydrate) that acts as a primary energy supply for both plant and animal
cells.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 2 Biological Molecules
& BIOL1020 Lab 4 Cellular Energetics I
glycolysis
The splitting of glucose into pyruvate. Glycolysis is the one metabolic pathway
that occurs in all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation
or aerobic respiration.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 4 Cellular Energetics
I
glycogen
An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and
muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.
Golgi
apparatus
An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of membranes that modify,
store, and route products to the endoplasmic reticulum.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 3 Cells
gonads
The male and female sex organs; the gamete-producing organs in most animals.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 6 Mitosis & Meiosis
granum
(plural, grana)
A stacked portion of the thylakoid membrane in the chloroplast. Grana function
in the light reactions of photosynthesis.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 3 Cells
H
haploid
Referring to a cell nucleus it contains one of each type of chromosome. Referring
to an organism it is one in which the main life stage has cell nuclei with one
of each type of chromosome, written as n.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 6 Mitosis & Meiosis
haploid
gametophyte
The part of the life cycle of plants having haploid nuclei and giving rise to
the sex cells that on fusing produce a diploid stage, usually the sporophyte.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 6 Mitosis &
Meiosis
heterotroph
An organism dependent on obtaining organic food from the environment because
it is unable to synthesize organic material. They (animals, fungi, many bacteria,
and a few flowering plants) obtain almost all their organic material either
directly or indirectly from the activity of autotrophs.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 4 Cellular Energetics
I
homeothermic
Any warm-blooded animal (mammal or bird that can maintain its body temperature
within a narrow range, usually above that of its surroundings despite large
variations in environmental temperature. It may be maintained continually or
for limited periods only.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 4 Cell Energetics I
homologous
chromosomes
chromosome pairs of the same length centromere position, and staining pattern
that possess genes for the same traits at corresponding loci. One homologous
chromosome is inherited from the organism's father, the other from the mother.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 7 Genetics
hyperosmotic (hypertonic)
A cell which is hyperosmotic has a higher concentration of solutes in its cytoplasm
than the surrounding solution, resulting in a net movement of water molecules
into the cell from the hypoosmotic solution.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 3 Cells
hypoosmotic (hypotonic)
A cell which is hypoosmotic has a lower concentration of solutes in its cytoplasm
than the surrounding solution, resulting in a net movement of water molecules
from the cell towards the hyperosmotic solution.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 3 Cells
I
illuminaotor
The light source on a microscope.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 1 Introduction to the
Laboratory
independent assortment
the random arrangement and separation of chromosomes during meiosis, giving
all possible combinations in equal frequency. This process explains the random
distribution in the gametes of genes or homologous chromosomes.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 6 Mitosis & Meiosis
interphase
A stage of growth in the cell cycle in which metabolism occurs without visible
evidence of nuclear division. Interphase is the phase between divisions (meiosis
and mitosis).
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 6 Mitosis & Meiosis
iris
diaphragm control
small lever that allows the size of the opening to change in order to regulate
the amount of light passing through it.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 1 Introduction to the
Laboratory
isoosmotic (isotonic)
Refers to the concentration of solutes on either side of a semi-permeable membrane
being equal, resulting in no net movement of water molecules across the membrane.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 3 Cells
karyokinesis
the division of the cell nucleus.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 6 Mitosis &
Meiosis
leaf
A thin organ arising from the node on the stem of a plant. The main site of
phtosynthesis.
lipid
One of a family of compounds, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that
are insoluble in water.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 2 Biological Molecules
& BIOL1020 Lab 4 Cell Energetics I
locus
(pl. loci)
a particular place along the length of a certain chromosome where a given gene
is located.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 7 Genetics
lysosome
a membrane-enclosed bag of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic
cells.
meiosis
A type of nuclear division associated with sexual reproduction, producing four
haploid cells from a single diploid cell, the process involving two cycles of
division.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 6 Mitosis & Meiosis
metabolism
The totality of an organism's chemical processes, consisting of catabolic and
anabolic pathways.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 4 Cellular Energetics
I
metaphase
a stage of nuclear division in eukaryote cells, occurring once in mitosis and
twice in meiosis. This phase begins when all of the centromeres line up at the
equatorial plane.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 6 Mitosis & Meiosis
microsporangium
The sporangium from which the microspores are formed, which in higher plants
is the pollen sac.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 6 Mitosis & Meiosis
microspore
The smaller of the two types of spore produced by ferns and higher plants, giving
rise to the male gametophyte. In Tracheophytes the microspore is the pollen
grain.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 6 Mitosis & Meiosis
microsporocytes
Thousands of cells (pollen mother cells) found within a young microsporangium.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 6 Mitosis & Meiosis
microvillus
(plural, microvilli)
collectively, fine, finger-like, inward projections that increase surface area.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 3 Cells
mitochondrion
(plural, mitochondria)
An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 3 Cells
mitosis
A process of cell division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into the
growth period (interphase) and four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and
telophase. The stages conserve chromosome number by equally allocating replicated
chromosomes to each of the daughter cells.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 6 Mitosis & Meiosis
MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheets)
One of the three elements of WHMIS, consisting
of a technical bulletin which provides more detailed information about a hazardous
product.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 1 Introduction to the
Laboratory
N
nucleic acids
Large and complex molecules that have a variety of important biological roles.
The elements of nucleic acids are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
One general type of nucleic acid (DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid) is how cells store
genetic information.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 2 Biological Molecules
nucleolus
(plural, nucleoli)
A specialized structure in the nucleus, formed from various chromosomes and
active in the synthesis of ribosomes.
Covered in BIOL1020
Lab 3 Cells
nucleus
An organelle of eukaryotic cells that is bounded by a nuclear membrane and contains
the chromosomes whose genes control the structure of proteins within the cell.
Covered in: BIOL1020 Lab 3 Cells
objective
A magnifying element found on the revolving nosepiece of a microscope.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 1 Introduction
to the Laboratory
ocular
the eye-piece of a microscope which serves to magnify the object.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 1 Introduction
to the Laboratory
oogenesis
The process in the ovary that results in the production of female gametes.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 6 Mitosis & Meiosis
origin of life
the process by which biomolecules, subcellular structures, and living cells
have come into existence.
osmosis
The net movement of water molecule across the cell memebrane towards areas of
higher solute concentration.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 3 Cells
ovary
In flowers,
the portion of a carpel in which the egg-containing ovules develop. In animals,
the structure that produces female gametes and reproductive hormones.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 6 Mitosis & Meiosis
oviduct
A tube passing from the ovary to the vagina in invertebrates or to the uterus
in vertebrates.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 6 Mitosis & Meiosis
oxidation
A chemical process in which either electrons are lost from an atom, or oxygen
is added to a molecule. Oxidation may also occur without the addition of oxygen
if hydrogen is removed (dehydrogenation.)
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 4 Cell Energetics I
oxygen
A colourless, tasteless gas forming about 21% of Earth's atmosphere and capable
of combining with all other elements except the inert gases.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 4 Cell Energetics
I
oxygenated blood
blood that has become enriched with oxygen as it exchanges with the lungs.
phagocytosis
A type of endocytosis involving large, particulate substances.
phospholipid
A form of lipid consisting of only two fatty acid chains and a polar head. The
insolubility in water (hydrophobic) of the fatty acid tails
and the solubility of the polar head (hydrophilic) is important
in the functioning of the phospholipid membrane of cells.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 2 Biological Molecules
photosynthesis
The conversion of light energy into chemical energy that is stored in glucose
or other organic compounds; occurs in plants, algae, and certain procaryotes.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 5 Cell Energetics II
photoautotroph
A type of autotroph that uses light as an energy source to synthesize organic
compounds from inorganic materials. Green plants are photoautotrophs.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 5 Cell Energetics
II
plasma
membrane
The outer boundary of cells which is only visible with an electron microscope.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 3 Cells
plasmalemma
the cell membrane that also lines the connecting plamsodesmata between living
cells.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 3 Cells
plasmolyzed
Occurs when a plant cell is placed in a hyperosmotic solution, the net out flow
of water leads to the shrinking of the cytoplasm from the cell wall.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 3 Cells
poikilothermic (Ectotherm)
Any animal whose body temperature follows that of the surrounding environment.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 4 Cell Energetics I
polysaccharide
A large carbohydrate molecule with a chainlike or branched structrure composed
of many monosaccharides. Functions in storage (ex. starch, insulin, glycogen)
or structre (ex. cellulose, chitin.)
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 2 Biological Molecules
& BIOL1020 Lab 4 Cell Energetics I
prokaryotes
an organism that is either a bacterium or a blue-green alga, its main characteristic
being prokaryotic cells lacking a membrane-bound nucleus and no mitosis or meiosis.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 3 Cells
protein
A three-dimensional biological polymer constructed from a set of 20 different
monomers called amino acids.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 2 Biological Molecules
& BIOL1020 Lab 4 Cell Energetics I
pyruvic
acid
An important 3-carbon molecule formed from glucose and glycerol in glycolysis.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 4 Cell Energetics I
reducing agent
any substance capable of removing oxygen from a molecule or of adding hydrogen,
that is, it is capable of contributing electrons to a process.
respiration
A process by which gaseous exchange -oxygen and carbon dioxide-takes place between
an organism and the surrounding medium.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 4 Cell Energetics I
ribosome
a cell organelle constructed in the nucleolus, consisting of two subunits and
functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 3 Cells
rough
endoplasmic reticulum
Endoplasmic reticulum when it is covered with ribosomes is referred to as rough
ER.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 3 Cells
S
segregation
the separation of homologous chromosomes during anaphase 1 of meiosis, producing
gametes containing only one allele of each gene. Such an occurrence is the physical
mechanism underlying the first law of Mendelian genetics and is particularly
important when the two separated alleles are different.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 6 Mitosis & Meiosis
septum (plural, septa)
Any dividing wall or partition that occurs between structures or in a cavity.
sex cells
gametes. In the male it is the sperm and in the female it is the egg.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 6 Mitosis & Meiosis
sexual
reproduction
A type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have
unique combinations of genes inherited from the gametes of the two parents.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 6 Mitosis & Meiosis
& BIOL1020 Lab 7 Genetics
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Endoplasmic reticulum that is not covered with ribosomes and gives rise to the
Golgi Apparatus.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 3 Cells
sperm
Spermatozoon; a small, usually motile male gamete.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 6 Mitosis & Meiosis
somatic cell
any of the cells of a plant or animal except the reproductive cells.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 6 Mitosis & Meiosis
spore
In the life cycle of a plant or alga undergoing alternation of generations,
a meiotically produced haploid cell that divides mitotically, generating a multicellular
individual, the gametophyte, without fusing with another cell.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 6 Mitosis & Meiosis
starch
A polysaccharide carbohydrate consisting
of two forms of glucose units, amylose and amylopectin.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 2 Biological
Molecules
storage material
any compound that accumulates naturally within a cell, for example, the starch
grains of potato tubers and glycogen in liver cells.
stroma
the fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in
the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 3 Cells & BIOL1020
Lab 5 Cell Energetics II
T
testis (plural, testes)
The male reproducitve organ, or gonad, in which sperm and reproductive hormones
are produced.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 6 Mitosis & Meiosis
tetrad
the four homologous chromatids that associate during prophase and metaphase
of meiosis and are involved in crossing over. A tetrad is also the four haploid
cells produced by one complete meiotic division.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 6 Mitosis & Meiosis
thylakoid
a flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy
to chemical energy.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 5 Cell Energetics II
tissue
A large group of cells of similar structure in plants or animals that performs
a specific function. (ex. muscle, phloem, etc.)
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 3 Cells
U
unicellular
made up of one cell.
uterus
The enlarged posterior portion of the oviduct in which the embryo implants a
develops in viviparous species. It is also called the womb of female humans.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 6 Mitosis & Meiosis
vacuole
A membrane-enclosed sac taking up most of the interior of a mature plant cell
and containing a variety of substances important in plant reproduction, growth,
and development.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 3 Cells
vital stains
the staining of cells while alive, which has been used particularly for studying
the movements of parts of embryos.
W
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information
System)
WHMIS is composed of three main elements; 1. Labels, 2. Material Safety Data
Sheets (MSDS), 3. Worker Training and Education.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 1 Introduction to the
Laboratory
zygote
The diploid product of the union of haploid gametes in conception; a fertilized
egg.
Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 6 Mitosis & Meiosis
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